Aleksander ZIELONKA, Dariusz GURAZDOWSKI, Arkadiusz BIERNACKI
Rotating Electrical Machines - Study Committee A1
Discussed are debates and discussions held during the meeting of the Study Committee A1 CIGRE. Mentioned are three groups of problems: 1 – development of electric machines construction and service experience (improvement and development of constructions, production, power, efficiency, insulation, cooling, bearing, operational and maintenance management; analysis of the influence of client and grid operator requirements on construction and price of a machine; assessment of the influence of the torsional oscillating electromagnetic forces on the fatigue strength of a rotor shaft), 2 – financial management of electrical machines as the capital assets (retrofits, modernizations, power upgrading, efficiency increase – economic analysis of possible solutions; technical condition assessment on the basis of further keeping in operation risk evaluation; methods of the machine remaining useful life prediction, 3 – electric machines for distributed generation (development of constructions of higher efficiency, better performance, operationality and operational maintenance; control, monitoring and diagnostics, new trends). Discussed is also the application of nanotechnology in a turbogenerator insulation system.
Keywords: rotating machines, constructions and operational experience, nanotechnologies
Paweł WARCZYŃSKI, Marceli KAŹMIERSKI
Transformers - Study Committee A2
Discussed are articles and papers dedicated to transformer problems during the meeting of the Study Committee A2. There are in particular: transformer diagnostics and monitoring (recording of an on-load tap changer vibroacoustic spectrum, on-line monitoring of bushings, intelligent algorithm of a transformer technical condition assessment, advanced statistical analyses, on-line monitoring of a transformer basic technical parameters, degree of polymerization as a new factor of a paper insulation wear-out during operation, experience from monitoring systems operation), alternative electroinsulating liquids (esters characterized by biodegradability, low burnability and possibility of production from renewable sources).
Keywords: power transformers, diagnostics and monitoring of transformers, alternative electroinsulating liquids
Sławomir SAMEK
High Voltage Equipment - Study Committee A3
Discussed are basic problems which dominated during the sitting of the Study Committee A3 dedicated to high voltage equipment. They are divided into three groups: 1 – high voltage equipment supporting development of a power system (ultra-high-voltages AC, construction and testing of the equipment for ultra-high-voltages DC, the character and importance of the high voltage equipment internal intelligence, influence of changes in designing and running the AC power system on the high voltage equipment); 2 – reliability and the high voltage equipment life-time (trends and experience in the field of high voltage equipment reliability, determination of the high voltage equipment life-time and the time management, importance of monitoring of the high voltage equipment technical condition); 3 - influence of changes in designing and running the AC power system on the high voltage equipment (reduction of influence on natural environment, designing and testing of high voltage equipment for the work in extreme conditions – temperature, earthquakes, pollution, sea conditions). However, summing up the review of solutions, it is ascertained that much time will still pass by before we can enter the area of a full and repeatable utilization of a new knowledge in the form of a new generation of equipment, because almost every discussed article ends with the statement that further considerations and research are needed, what would finally confirm the importance and effectiveness in application of the proposed solutions.
Keywords: high voltage equipment, composite insulation of equipment, reliability and the life-time of equipment, environmental protection
Sławomir NOSKE
Insulated Cables - Study Committee B1
Discussed are publications that were presented in the meeting of the Study Committee B1 CIGRE. They refer to the theory, designing, implementation, production, installation, research, operation and maintenance as well as to diagnostic technologies for the AC and DC cable network. The leading subjects are: designing, assembly and operation technologies and problems connected with long cable lines, static and dynamic calculations, performance tests, type tests, product tests, line acceptance tests, application of cable line diagnostics as well as trends in the field of monitoring of cable lines and cable accessories, future AC and DC voltage levels in cable lines, conversion of AC cable lines to the work in HVDC network, new functions expected by the cable line users. Discussed are, amongst the others, problems connected with: the sea cable applied in cable line connecting Sardinia with continental Italy, methods of reduction of magnetic field levels in the 200 kV cable line in the area of Buenos Aires, cable lines construction in Mexico and Japan. Presented are future prospects of cables utilizing the effect of superconductivity.
Keywords: high voltage electric cables, construction and operation of ultra high voltage cables, utilization of superconductivity effect in cable lines
Piotr WOJCIECHOWSKI
Overhead Lines - Study Committee B2
Presented are problems mentioned in papers of Study Committee B2 dedicated to electric overhead lines. The problems are as follows: optimization of transmission (from the electric point of view) i.a. with the use of new HTLS (High Temperature Low Sag) type cables, conversion of AC to DC lines, construction of DC lines, monitoring of the already existing lines, sharing of way easement with providers of other media or services, operational collecting of data necessary to administer the electric network property, diagnostic tools and methods allowing determination of reliability and the rest of the operational life-time of individual line elements, power line behaviour under the influence of dynamic loads, the work of a line in conditions of seismic loads and extraordinary weather phenomena, overhead line works, application of robots, information systems application, costs analysis, efficiency of various methods and strategies, examples of modernized lines.
Keywords: electrical overhead lines, HTLS cables, line modernization
Piotr MAŃSKI
Substations - Study Committee B3
Discussed are basic theses of papers concerning substation problems and presented during the meeting of the Study Committee B3. They refer mainly to two questions: development of technologies applied in substations and experience in substation management. Presented is an Italian mobile compact quick assembly substation dedicated for 145-170 kV voltages. Mentioned is also the problem of implementation and application of the standard IEC 61850 resulting from its ambiguous assessment. In the field of substation management presented is a complex monitoring system of such substations and their equipment applied by a Romanian operator. Moreover, presented is an experience connected with activities carried on substations and having in aim their improvement by modification of the working elements, their replacement or even the change of the whole system. Mentioned are also the working safety questions concerning two neighbouring substations and connected with the efficiency of lightning protection and substation earthing system.
Keywords: substations, mobile and quick assembly substations, substation management
Michał KOSMECKI
High Voltage Direct Current and Power Electronics - Study Committee B4
Described are 25 papers referring to DC transmission systems (HVDC – High Voltage Direct Current) and systems of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) type. They are divided into three groups: HVDC and FACTS projects and installations, development of HVDC and FACTS technologies and HVDC and FACTS technology application. Presented are modernizations and new projects in Spain and France, Canada, Norway and Sweden, Sweden and Finland. Discussed is also a report dedicated to reliability of 35 interconnections in the world (except China). Presented are development directions of UHVDC technologies i.e. systems of ultra high voltages. In 2010, an interconnection Xiangjiaba-Shanghai (China), of a still record-breaking ±800 kV, was set up proving that a work with such a high voltage is possible and profitable. In 2012, the specialists talk already about the voltage of ±1100 kV that is to be an answer to the growing energy transmission needs in China. Discussed is also the method of carrying out simulation analyses of voltage (and power) control and of the protection equipment operation in DC networks.
Keywords: DC transmission systems (HVDC), UHVDC technology, voltage and power control in DC netoworks
Piotr KACEJKO
Protection and Automation - Study Committee B5
Discussed are papers concerning two basic groups of problems: influence of the future power lines elements on the problems connected with protection coordination as well as the use and application of remote access to protection and automation systems (application of synchrophasors and PMUs -Phasor Measurement Units- in a power system comprises not only the widely discussed stability assessment but also creation of wide area protection systems WAP and control systems WACS). Attention is called to the fact that development of distributed power generation influences new tasks and conditionings of power systems protection work and also that network operators expect decentralization and automation of voltage control systems, implementation of line overload management and legitimization of islanding. It is expected, that the target solution will be the application of IEC standard 61850 which enables description of operation and cooperation of appliances working in ultra high voltage networks, medium voltage distribution networks and also in low voltage grids. Expected is also, in the higher and higher degree, making use and application of remote access to protection and automation systems.
Keywords: coordination of protection and automation systems, synchrophasor application, standard IEC 61850 application, remote access to protection and automation systems
Wojciech LUBICKI, Łukasz CIŚ
Planning of a Power System Structure and Management of Network Property in the face of Dynamic Development of Renewable Energy Sources – Study Committee C1
Described is the influence of power generation companies utilizing renewable energy sources implementation to a power system, on the power system structure planning. Attention is called to the fact that the so far used simulators and programs do not comprise the whole of the problem but only partial solutions. Presented are methods of big wind farms (in South Korea, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Holland and USA) connecting to the power system. Discussed is the criterion (n-1) -1 implemented to the system planning. Expressed is that there have not appeared any new methodologies in the field of transmission system development planning. A two-stage approach in the planning process became a standard. In the first stage, market simulators for the determination of a potential generation set, taking under consideration the whole range of conditionings (technical, macro- and microeconomic, weather and so on), are used. In the second stage, on the basis of results obtained from the first stage, various analyses like technical, technical and economic ones or of the risk estimation are carried out. The now obtained results are subject to various decision criteria. Indicated is also that the second very essential problem, especially in the times of economic recession, is optimization of the existing network property utilization and methods of its restoration (not necessarily of the same parameters).
Keywords: power systems, development planning, network property management
Krzysztof MADAJEWSKI
System Operation and Control - Study Committee C2
Discussed are papers referring to: methods to overcome operational problems caused by the combination of sources characterized by power fluctuations and changes on the loading side (TNO -Transmission Network Operator- perspective, system balancing on the previous and the present days, reduced system inertia, constraints management, voltage control, coordinated control of phase shifters) as well as methods to improve general information on interconnected systems condition and coordination of TNOs activities (information exchange between TNOs in interconnected systems with several control centers, coordinated repair operations, information processing, decision support systems, visualization technologies).
Keywords: power systems, influence of source combination, output power fluctuations
Anna STANKOWSKA
System Environmental Performance - Study Committee C3
Discussed are papers concerning two problems: public acceptance of energy infrastructure (experience in communication, involvement in the problem from the side of real estate proprietors as well as the raising of public consciousness, legislative requirements, directives and the role of authorities and operators, methods and experience in the range of meeting propietors’ demands during planning and operation of energy infrastructure) and an answer to the question: to what extent are “green” the future power systems? (methodology serving the assessment of influence on environment and achievements in the range of structure innovations and power grid concept, withstanding climate changes, environmental implications influencing power network efficiency increase through construction of new high voltage networks and energy sources integration on a distribution network level, experience in quality estimation, quantity assessment and benchmarking),
Kewywords: environmental changes, power systems, public acceptance of energy infrastructure
Maksymilian PRZYGRODZKI
System Technical Performance - Study Committee C4
Discussed are problems that were investigated during the meeting of the Study Committee C4, therefore questions concerning conditions and parameters of a power system operation in steady and transient states. Among the presented methods and analysis tools, mentioned are also the current problems referring to the influence of new technologies beginning with transmission and distribution systems and ending with distributed technologies. The considered problems gather around interactions between a power system, subsystems and installations as well as the cases of exposure to external influence. These problems are often common to system operators, not only in Europe but also in extra-European countries. Constant development of appliances, installations and generation technologies determines new needs and challenges for the future power system structures. Presented contents is a determinant of future research directions.
Keywords: new generation, transmission and distribution technologies, their influence on power systems, exposure to external influence
Grzegorz TOMASIK
Electricity Markets and Regulation - Study Committee C5
Discussed are, one by one, all Study Committee C5 papers. The basic conclusion, drawn from the reading by the Author of the papers presented in the frames of the C5 group, can be a statement that the integration of renewable sources with the existing electric energy market models has bigger and bigger influence on conventional units working time limitations in the course of the year. This again influences directly the troubles with covering of electric energy generation prime charges in the discussed production units that is, however, indispensable, considering a power system regulatory needs. As the potential methods of solving of the above mentioned problem indicated are most often: the need of implementation of generation ability markets, other than the existing one valuation of system services provided by conventional sources or implementation of new system services connected with the growing demand for higher elasticity of power systems.
Keywords: electric energy market, integration of renewable energy sources with the market models, working time of conventional units
Krzysztof SIODŁA
Materials and Emerging Test Techniques - Study Committee D1
Discussed are 29 papers delivered at the meeting of the Study Committee D1 in three thematic domains: test techniques applied for UHV voltages (considering HVDC); dielectric parameters and ageing of insulation materials; diagnostic tools. In the papers belonging to the first group described are problems connected with testing of solid, liquid and gaseous insulation materials used in high voltage power transformers, power cables, transmission line insulators and GIS systems. The second group describes i.a. tests of dielectric parameters, effects of the occurring ageing processes and of mineral oils electric strength, natural esters and oil mixtures. Ascertained is that observation of presparkover phenomena occurring under the influence of impulse voltage, can be useful for determination of the foreseen/expected value of a sparkover voltage. Observations and measurements were carried out with the use of a super speed camera registering electrical discharges in an electrode model system matching real conditions met in transformers. If it comes to diagnostic tools, presented are problems concerning appliances, methods and measurement procedures used for testing of high voltage power installations and management of their operation. A lot of attention is paid to testing of transformers as the most expensive and the most essential elements of a power system but also described are testing methods applied to other equipment like cables, switching equipment and GIS systems.
Keywords: materials applied in electrotechnics, diagnostic techniques, new technologies
Tomasz SZUDEJKO
Information Systems and Telecommunication - Study Committee D2
Presented are abstracts of the selected by the Author papers delivered for the meeting of the Study Committee D2. They concern two thematic groups: distributed information platforms for power industry of the future (new architecture of operational information systems, spare systems and systems of operational continuity preservation, computational cloud applications and service facilitating platforms, safety in cyberspace) and interconnected information systems supporting competitive markets (new information solutions, new solutions in telecommunication, possibility and risk analysis).
Keywords: information platforms for power industry, computational cloud applications, risk analyses and information safety
