Herbert Leopold GABRYŚ
Electric power industry in Poland in 2013. Results of the first six months – and what next?
Discussed are the crisis symptoms that occurred in the first half of the year 2013 in the Polish power sector producing energy from solid fuels as well as some unfavourable changes in the renewable energy sources utilization and especially in biomass co-combustion. Presented are several propositions concerning a solution of these problems.
Keywords: ecenomic results of the Polish power industry in the first half of 2013, electrical energy generation from solid fuels, elements of the State energy policy
Zdzisław ŚLODERBACH
Method for determination of hardening stresses in steels applied in the power industry
A scientific and technical character of this study will be of interest for research workers engaged in problems connected with operating life of machine elements and installations working in the power industry andother industrial branches, and gives a description of the importance and of the role played by hardening stresses in this aspect. In an encyclopedic manner presented are basic assumptions of the thermal-hardening stress theory developed by Raniecki and Inoue [3, 4]. Shown is the model of kinetic phase transformations and the obtained on this basis results. Discussed is also the solved by the authors a boundary-value problem determining the condition of residual hardening stresses in a carbon steel half-space first heated and then rapidly cooled on its facial surface. Presented are also, obtained by the authors, calculation results in the form of appropriate graphs, diagrams and nomograms.
Keywords: operating life of machine elements, hardening stress theory, residual stresses
Michał BIAŁECKI, Jerzy DRUTKO, Radosław IZAKIEWICZ, Antonina KIELECZAWA, Wojciech NOIŃSKI, Piotr PIETRAS, Roman SKAKOWSKI, Wojciech SZUBERT, Edward ZIAJA
Communication unification of components in the MASTER turnkey automation system
Solutions basing on “turnkey” information systems are more and more frequently applied in industrial plants with the aim to meet the needs of all users’ categories starting with technological process operators and ending with supervision and managing staff. Without efficient and fast operating communication systems, based on preferred standards and branded equipment as well as on the elaborated in the Institute mechanisms unifying various components which can be met in object installations, the “turnkey” realization of complex systems would be impossible. Assumed is that the MASTER Automation System can cooperate, on its every organizational level, with any other information system ensuring at the same time the transparent configuration solutions.
Keywords: automation systems, “turnkey” systems, communication links
Michał BIAŁECKI, Jerzy DRUTKO, Radosław IZAKIEWICZ, Antonina KIELECZAWA, Wojciech NOIŃSKI, Roman SKAKOWSKI, Wojciech SZUBERT, Edward ZIAJA
Functions of communication systems in MASTER - ProSter operator and engineering stations
Operator and engineering stations in the given MASTER Automation System installation can be freely multiplied what means that a certain group of stations can have an equal rank acess to measurements acquisition and realization of control operations from/to a particular technological object. A group of equal rank stations can also have an access to any other object signals being in the MASTER automation area as well as to various separate systems to which the links were made. Moreover, in one installation of the system there can be found many different station groups what considerably affects working reliability of the MASTER system. Such a system functionality is possible thanks to expanded, multilevel structure of a communication network and the application of many data exchange systems.
Keywords: network services, client-server model, operator stations, engineering stations
Grzegorz BONIKOWSKI
New solutions for control processes
Presented are briefly new executing modules of the MASTER 3SE automation system. Special emphasis is put on reliability, category and estimation of measurement uncertainties. Added are mechanisms of reliability and safety in the form of a key event log archiving. Discussed are problems concerning the HART protocol and its implementation in modules. Outlined are general development trends in the near future.
Keywords: MASTER automation system, executing modules, HART
Włodzimierz FENNIG, Mariusz LIPIŃSKI, Artur ŁYSIAK, Adam STERNAL, Grzegorz BORYCZKO, Henryk DANIELCZYK, Ireneusz WRÓBEL
Medium speed coal pulverizer ignition detection and fire prevention system with the application of the automated high-pressure water mist extinguishing system at the TAURON Wytwarzanie SA – Oddział Elektrownia Łaziska
Presented are advantages resulting from the application of an automated high-pressure spray system for detection and prevention of ignitions and fire in coal pulverizers. Enclosed are positive results of performance tests conducted in the power plant.
Keywords: coal pulverizer, ignition and fire, water mist
Grzegorz BAŁUKA, Jacek KIERNICKI
Measurement anomalies simulation program for the LV distribution networks
Economic challenges oblige distribution companies to look for effective ways to reduce costs including methods of fighting the electricity illegal consumption and one of those methods is the „Voltage method for detection and localization of measurement anomalies”. The described in this article „Program for measurement anomalies simulation in the LV distribution networks” enables to check the usefulness of the „Voltage method” application for a selected distribution network. The simulation program allows to perform tests, on the based on LV distribution networks digital models, verifying the applicability range of the „Voltage method” and the adequacy of the obtained indications concerning localization of illegal connection spots. These LV distribution network digital models used for simulation calculations and corresponding with the most often met schemes of the real open LV distribution networks contain informations concerning a network topology, its electrical parameters and the amount of the power take-off in consuming nodes. It is pretty easy to use the system - it is
enough to put proper data into the simulation program window (input) and then read calculation results (output).
Keywords: distribution system, illegal electrical energy consumption, energy theft, modelling, simulation
Piotr STAWSKI
Development perspectives of micro-CHPs (home power plants)
Presented are prognoses concerning the development of selected technologies serving the microgeneration of electric energy and heat. The technologies are assessed as those which have growing perspectives of application and are dedicated to the future small energy producers i.e. the so-called prosumers. They are mainly phovoltaics, wind microturbines as well as micro-CHP appliances fuelled with gas and using fuel cell technology. Presented is an outline of a pilot project integrating the above mentioned technologies.
Keywords: microgeneration, photovoltaics, wind microturbines, micro- CHPs fuelled with gas and using fuel cell technology
Jerzy DOBOSIEWICZ, Ewa ZBROIŃSKA-SZCZECHURA
Conditions for correct analysis of reasons of steam boilers’ tube failures
The way of identification of both direct (primary) reason of metal damage in power boilers and indirect (secondary) ones, which cause direct mechanisms of damage and occurring of specific failure reasons (such as low-oxygen corrosion, high-temperature corrosion, erosion etc.) have been described in the paper. The authors show the conditions, which should be fulfilled in order to prepare correct post-failure analysis. Some examples of correct identification of both failure causations have been indicated and discussed.
Keywords: power boilers, heating surfaces, pipe leakage, pipe leakage causes analysis
Krzysztof BRUNNÉ, Kamil STASZAŁEK
On-line management of the knowledge on the causes of tube leaks on the boiler heating surfaces
The failure-frequency analysis as well as periodic diagnostic inspection create two most important sources of the information and knowledge being prerequisite for ensuring a high availability of boilers and power units. The causes of failures of boiler heating surfaces should be considered in statistical mode. In this case the statistics makes not only the way to have an orderly information but also to create the knowledge. The lack of statistics renders the assessment of tubing condition and forecast of their remnant life impossible. The quality of the knowledge results directly from correct analysis of failure source as well as from qualifying the events as failures. This paper presents the system aimed at organizing the knowledge on the lakes of heating surface tubes with said knowledge being accessible in on-line mode. The system has been prepared by, and implemented in, PRO NOVUM and it can be applied by other companies as well.
Keywords: power boilers, heating surfaces, tube leaks causes, knowledge management
Paweł GAWRON
Boiler tube failures in regions of narrowing, in curves and on the vouchers sloped in context boiler water quality
Steam boiler operating and repairs experiences shows that much of the heating surfaces damages is localized in areas with numerous narrowings, in pipe bends and inclined sections of piping. Type of
the failures is dependent on many factors. Basic conditions having influence of heating surfaces in this areas durability are: proper constructional solutions, proper assembly (gas and electric welds), tube bends in furnace chamber, keeping adequate quality parameter of feed and boiler water etc. Determination of the main causes of defects, to eliminate similar failures in the future is complicated and requires a deep integration of information from multiple areas: physico - chemical, thermal and hydraulic.
Keywords: power boilers, heating surfaces, tube damages, boiler water quality
Jarosław OSIAK, Ewa GOLISZ, Izabela WIELEWSKA, Adam KUPCZYK
Selected aspects of the bioethanol sector functioning in Poland
Discussed is the volume of biocomponent production in Poland in the years 2009-2012 with a special attention paid to the bioethanol sector. Conducted are, based on ME Porter multi-criteria and scoring methods, the analysis and the assessment of bioethanol sector attractiveness in Poland. The analyses show that there has been a significant decline in the number of investments related to the production of bioethanol and, consequently, a decline in attractiveness (market position) of the bioethanol sector in Poland.
Keywords: bioethanol, biocomponents, biofuel, sector attractiveness
Leszek PSTRAŚ
Snow cover influence on PV systems efficiency
Photovoltaic systems installed in the Polish climate conditions are subject to snowfalls which, when covering PV modules, can limit their power leading to a decrease in the predicted energy yield. Discussed are factors contributing to accumulation of snow on PV modules as well as the level of snow cover influence on PV systems performance. Discussed is the problem concerning reasonableness of snow removal from PV modules as well as various methods of important geometrical aspects of PV systems that should be taken into account during the design stage in order to minimize the potential energy losses. Discussed is also the impact of rime and glazed frost on PV modules performance.
Keywords: photovoltaics, PV modules, performance, snow cover
Marek STEFAŃSKI, Marcin SIEDLECKI, Andrzej MROZIK, Karol BIAŁOBŁOCKI
Technical and process issues related to producer gas generation illustrated with an example of a 800 kW industrial gasifier
Presented are technical and process aspects of a producer gas generation on the basis of an experience gained during implementation works of an 800 kW commercial scale installation built by the Instytut Energetyki team. This innovative stationary bed gasifier was in 2009 registered at the Patent Office under the number P387641. At present, the gasifier is a part of the EKM-50 power boiler satellite system in Megatem-EC Lublin CHP station. There is also a possibility for the gasifier to cooperate with IC engines or fuel cells after a gas purification system is added. The installation now serves mainly the research purposes but previously it was used for renewable energy generation and that is why it was equipped with biomass feed stream measurement and data archiving systems, meeting the certification requirements of renewable energy generation.
Keywords: carbon dioxide reduction, biofuels gasification, producer gas