Henryk MAJCHRZAK, Barbara PUTO
Implementation of a new investment managing model in Grupa Kapitałowa PSE
Discussed is the process of preparation, carrying out and implementation of a new ultra-high voltage networks investment managing model in the Grupa Kapitałowa PSE i.e. analysis, verification and standardization of the investment planning, preparation and realization process. Main tasks of the carried out restructuring process were as follows: enhancement of the carried on by the PSE Investment Department, as the business process owner, network investment preparation, monitoring and realization process; creation of a strong management powers center like an Engineer of the Contract and gaining the possibility to fully utilize the possessed resources in PSE Inwestycje; setting up of the PSE Inwestycje Design Office which soon became one of the key design offices in Poland with its highly qualified designing personnel and rendering services at the highest attainable standard and also covering the whole investment process with complex operations in the range of social communication.
Keywords: transmission network investments, investment management, new investment management model implementation
Jarosław ZUWAŁA, Maria BAŁAZIŃSKA
LCA analysis as an energy and emission effects assessment method in the solid fuels combustion process. Fossil fuels
Discussed and compared are various methods for assessment of the investigated processes and products impact on the environment. You can find thermoecological cost, cumulative energy consumption and LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) among them. With the help of LCA analysis the investigation of fossil fuels utilization for the needs of power industry impact on the environment was carried out. As the environmental load categories assessed are abiotic depletion, climate changes, photochemical oxidation, acidification and eutrophication. Considered are also average annual emission values and utilization of mineral raw materials associated with production of electricity and heat in Poland. The analysis is based on the CML 2001 (Center of Environmental Science of Leiden University) methodology and the results are presented after the normalization and weighting stages and in relation to MJ of electric energy and heat.
Keywords: thermoecological cost, cumulative energy consumption, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), fossil fuels, combustion
Maria BAŁAZIŃSKA, Jarosław ZUWAŁA
LCA analysis as a method to assess energy and emission effects in the solid fuels combustion process. Municipal wastes and biomass
In this issue, being a reference to the article "LCA analysis as an energy and emission effects assessment method in the solid fuels combustion process", presented is the LCA analysis of of municipal wastes and biomass energy utilization in the process of incineration. Investigations relating to the wastes considered the influence of abiotic depletion, climate changes, photochemical oxidation, acidification and eutrophication on the environment and the analyses referred to successive stages of collection, transportation and incineration of wastes. In the incineration stage there were considered separate elements like environment utilization in the process of electricity and heat generation, recovery of metals from slag, slag application in road building, slag landfilling and storage of fly ash and solid residues coming from flue gas cleaning on a hazardous wastes landfill. The analysis concerning biomass referred to energy willow grown on plantations and the preparatory processes connected with plants care were also taken into consideration. Due to insufficient data, the analysis is only limited to the categories of abiotic depletion, climate changes and acidification. Presented are also calculations for eutrophication but for this influence category only the stages of growing and plant maintenance are considered. Investigations presented in this article were carried out using the CML 2001 method and the results were described after normalization and weighting with relation to MJ of electric energy and heat. The obtained results are also compared, for the same reasearch scope, with the LCA analysis results for fossil fuels.
Keywords: LCA analysis, municipal wastes, biomass, incineration
Artur BRZDĘKIEWICZ, Michał CHABERKA, Marek DANIELEWSKI, Ryszard GAJERSKI, Iwona PRZERADA
Operational experience and development of chemically active corrosion protection hybrid coatings technology in biomass co-firing boilers
During the period of 2001-2012 the technology of production and application of heat resistant coatings HybridMDx, HybridDGL and HybridBio on corrosion-endangered surfaces of coal fired boiler walls was developed. These are multilayer, metal-ceramic hybrid coatings applied by air spray method and then submitted to thermal treatment. The coatings protect water-wall tubes against low-oxygen flame corrosion and/or corrosion in biomass co-fired boilers and reduce the furring up. Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Remak-Rozruch Opole SA and Enter-Eko Sp. z o.o. were the suppliers of these coatings for experimental and commercial applications in the years 2001-2013 and the carried out works comprised workshop and service applications. The results of laboratory tests and operational experience resulting from periodical monitoring of industrial installations protected by hybrid coatings allow the evaluation of the corrosion protection mechanism and suggest new solutions leading to improvement of the actual Hybrid coatings offer attractiveness.
Keywords: corrosion protection, hybrid coatings, biomass combustion
Ewa WEBS, Maksymilian PRZYGRODZKI
Identification of distributed generation sources in MV networks
Shaping of a network development is realized together by network investments and with the participation of producers and consumers. The present technological possibilities as well as the network users awareness favour the distributed sources installation in distribution networks. Rational attitude to a network strategy development allows to utilize these sources to improve a network functioning. Discussed are in detail the selected aspects of distributed sources utilization for controlling voltage levels in a distribution network. With the help of voltage criteria one can determine desirable locations considering voltage distribution in linear progressions. The results can be obtained on the basis of complicated network analyses. One can also apply simple criteria giving sufficient approximation of the suitable sources location in a network. Presented is the elaborated criterion of a transformer rated power. When verifying the correctness of a network operation one should also check whether the power generated by a source installed somewhere deep inside the network would not exceed the load admissible for that particular network branch. Given are proposals of simple solutions evaluating the admissible level of power generated in a network. The presented attitude enables a search for criteria which application provides a quick evaluation of a network connecting possibilities. Thus one can build adequate incentive strategies aimed at potential distributed generation investors with the use of the existing network structures or the development of new ones.
Keywords: MV networks, distributed generation, connecting to electric networks
Jerzy SZKUTNIK
Technical and ecological aspects of distribution substations with SF6 operation
Presented is a suggestion of a broader range application of transformer-distribution substations with SF6 than until now. It seems that such scenario is very likely in the context of the increase in electric energy demand. It will concern very densely developed town areas where stations of this type, because of their very small dimensions, allow network model reconstruction. The future network infrastructure will be characterized by elongation of MV networks with simultaneous considerable LV networks reduction. The effect of such solution is a greater supply reliability and significant reduction of electrical energy losses. Presented are technical and economic analyses of the proposed solutions and the obtained results show their reasonability.
Keywords: optimization, distribution of electricity, gas emission
Roman KORAB
Solar energy as a way to increase the share of renewables in meeting energy needs of buildings
Discussed are the most important data characterizing solar radiation and presented are solar energy resources in Poland. Given are also basic types of solar radiation conversion into usable energy. When discussing the photothermal conversion, the construction and principles of operation of two types of solar thermal collectors – flat and vacuum – are compared. As an example of solar collectors application for meeting energy demands of buildings a standard hot water preparation installation and a hybrid one, realized by the author and utilizing also a wood biomass (photochemical conversion), are presented. Given are the author's measurements results illustrating the effectiveness of solar collectors application. What concerns photovoltaic conversion, the principle of operation and types of solar cells as well as the exemplary construction of a photovoltaic system integrated with a building electrical installation and cooperating with LV distribution network are presented. Based on simulation results, an effectiveness assessment of photovoltaic cells application for a building power supply is made as well as shown is a possibility of practical realization of a self-sufficient solar house.
Keywords: renewable resources, solar energy, energy needs of a building