Andrzej MODZELEWSKI
Model illustration of new (distributed) technologies in power industry and the impact of distributed power generation on the KSE load curves
Proved is that even in the Polish conditions the prosumer energy generation (PEG), especially the photovoltaics (PV), can be soon (or even – according to some optimistic assumptions – it already is) on the level of the so-called grid parity. It means that the energy produced for the consumers’ own needs can be cheaper than the one coming from the grid (trade, distribution, taxes). The currently planned forms of support like net metering or preferential subsidies/tax treatment under the Prosument (NFOŚiGW) program can lead to a situation where the prosumer energy would not only be a cheaper alternative to energy acquisition but also an interesting investment possibility. Such kind of encouragement may result in dynamic development of PEG in form of microinstallations. The analyses conducted in this article show that PEG can be an ideal supplement to conventional generation and first of all to PV in summer time. But no support program should lead to an over-development of these technologies causing direct competition with commercial power industry which, although it does not exhibit zero variable costs, is absolutely indispensable in the energy mix.
Keywords: distributed power technologies, prosumer energy generation, photovoltaics (PV)
Bartłomiej KARPIŃSKI, Marek SZKODO, Jan STĄSIEK, Paweł SZEWCZUK
High Temperature Air Combustion
The growing global energy requirement and a rise in ecological awaresness of the society have resulted in big interest of entrepreneurs in new combustion technologies. One of such innovative ones, meeting new trends and fulfilling industry expectations, is the HiTAC technology. It enables the optimum exoergic energy acquisition in the form of heat with reduced emission of toxic gaseous combustion products like NOx or CO. The presented technology was analysed and optimized during research projects conducted on Politechnika Gdańska in cooperation with research units from all over the world (Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm). Presented here are the results of experimental investigations of the influence of temperature and percentage of oxygen contained in an oxidizing gas stream (exhaust gases with controlled O2 concentration) on the presence of a high-calorific fuel (butane) combustion by-products (NOx) in the HiTAC combustion chamber.
Keywords: combustion technologies, reduced gas emission, HiTAC combustion chamber
Dariusz DOWNAR, Henryk MINKIEWICZ
Hydro-mechanical protection equipment in turbine control systems ensuring safe operation of a hydro power plant
Ascertained is that the safe running of a hydro unit and full automation of a power plant operation needs application of many hydro-mechanical protection devices. The final amount of applied protections in modernized or new hydro units results from demands placed by an investor. The protection application costs are really a margin of the whole investment outlay while using proper protections one can avoid major failures which can occur during a turbine start-up. A turbine control system, properly designed and equipped with all necessary hydro-mechanical protections, will ensure a many-year and safe operation of a hydro unit.
Keywords: hydro power plants, turbine control, hydro mechanical protections
Filip KLEPACKI
A damage of a pipeline mating steam overheaters
Explained are direct and indirect causes of a damage of a pipeline mating steam overheaters. Presented damage does not belong to the range of typical ones due to the construction of affected area. It is concluded, on the basis of interpretation of the taken sample tests and the construction and operational data analysis, that the basic destruction process is a corrosion fatigue caused by the condensate presence. Moreover, prevention recommendations are proposed to minimize the risk of such damages occurrence.
Keywords: power boilers, steam overheaters, pipeline damages
Jacek MALKO, Robert LIS
German Energiewende – keeping on course
Discussed are basic elements of the German energy transformation called Energiewende. Political decision-makers in Germany took the strategic decision concerning transformation towards the sustainable energy supply in a long-term perspective. Such change in the country’s energy system pattern (Energiewende) in not only unique due to taking decision of switching away from carbon fossil fuels in the whole country but also because of the simultaneous withdrawal from nuclear power. Germany has a considerable share in developing low-carbon technologies as a realistic goal but this step can also serve to hide a wider and more fundamental weakness of the national power sector policy and inability to adequately counteract the biggest challenge in a global scale – energy provision security to supply the modern economy in conditions of urgent reduction of CO2 emitions.
Keywords: the German energy strategy, energy sector transformation, abandonment of coal and nuclear power
Edward ZIAJA
The Jubilee of 65 Years of the Institute of Power Systems Automation
Presented is briefly the history of the Institute of Power Systems Automation in Wrocław and major research works conducted there during 65 years of its activity.
Keywords: Institute of Power Systems Automation, scientific-research works, electric power industry, automation systems ARCM, SRM, LFC, SMPP, ICCP-TASE.2, IASE
Michał BIAŁECKI, Jerzy DRUTKO, Radosław IZAKIEWICZ, Antonina KIELECZAWA, Wojciech NOIŃSKI, Piotr PIETRAS, Roman SKAKOWSKI, Wojciech SZUBERT, Edward ZIAJA
Security and convenience of handling technological processes in Automation System MASTER object installations
65 years of IASE presence in the Polish and foreign energy markets, multi year experience in the range of offered products and their object installations development leads to the conclusion that the object installations working stability consists of, amongst the others, many year continuation of technical ideas, knowledge, high professional qualifications of workers and positive cooperation with technical services belonging to the system users. Permanent development is necessary including implementation of current standards and utilization of branded computer and network equipment in the, developed for years in the Institute, constructions and hardware/software products.
Keywords: automation systems, operator and process workstations, security systems, redundancy
Włodzimierz FENNIG, Maciej KIELIAN, Mariusz LIPIŃSKI, Piotr NIEMIEC, Andrzej BIELACZYC, Miłosz BRZOZOWSKI, Stanisław LASOTA, Paweł SARNECKI
System for detection and warning against disturbances in a free flow of solid fuel stream in a boiler-side coal bunker and its application in selected power units
Presented is a method for detection of disturbances in a free flow of solid fuel stream in a boiler-side coal bunker and its practical use in selected power units. The disturbances are common phenomena in coal bunkers storing either coal or a biomass-coal mixture. They are represented by clustering of fuel masses and formation of structures which impede the measurement of actual fuel level within the coal bunker. This leads to dangerous occurrences associated with deficiency of fuel feed to the mill unit as well as overblow of hot air from the mill unit back to the coal bunker, which may further lead to ignition of coal and biomass dust. The ignition may in turn trigger explosion and the spread of fire over the entire fuel supply line, causing numerous destructions and even fatal accidents among a power plant personnel. The described system was created in order to early detect and warn against such phenomena without the necessity of individual coal bunker inspections.
Keywords: power engineering, coal mill, coal bunker, mathematical and computer modelling
Grzegorz BAŁUKA, Jacek KIERNICKI, Piotr STAWSKI
Characteristics and applications of the PMU class devices in power systems
Presented are shortly operation principles of control systems based on the PMU class devices, their characteristics and field of applications like monitoring of a power system work, system stability evaluation, evaluation of electric energy quality and the work in power system protection schemes. Given is also a short assessment of the PMU devices quality.
Keywords: electric power system network, PMUs – Phasor Measurement Units, discrete Fourier transform, WAMS – Wide-Area Measurement Systems, power system monitoring, PMU performance assessment criteria
Mateusz KAROLONEK, Andrzej WERBIK
Measurement of absolute vibrations in rotary machines – practical aspects of sensors selection
Described are ideas, solutions, and practical experience related to the measurement of rotating machines absolute vibrations. Presented is information regarding construction, operation principle, sensor assembly methods and interpretation of measurement results in the context of current norms and standards. Made are also comments on the advantages and disadvantages of different types of sensors resulting from the author’s experience gained during assembling and starting-up of special measurements installations in power plants.
Keywords: absolute vibrations, rotary machines, sensors, practical experience, norms and standards
Dariusz WOJTANOWICZ, Roman SKAKOWSKI, Paweł KURCZALSKI, Edward ZIAJA
LFC power distribution system
Presented is a general principle of operation of the new power distribution system LFC being the successor of the ARCM SOWE system. Explained briefly are basic concepts used in the process of automatic control of the JWCD work in the KSE/UCTE and presented are also the concept and general construction of the SRM LFC, operating in a distributed and heterogeneous environment, which consists of a central LFC/SMPP node and local nodes represented by power generation objects (electric power stations/CHP plants) working in the LFC network.
Keywords: ARCM, SRM, LFC, SMPP, ICCP-TASE.2, IASE
Grzegorz BONIKOWSKI, Andrzej WERBIK
New compensation methods of external conditions influence on measurements of turbine generators thermal expansion
Each measurement is subject to an error what means that the measured value is a random variable with a certain distribution, which can be characterized by an estimate of the expected value and of the confidence interval. Particularly the measurements of relative and absolute expansions of turbines are made under extremely difficult conditions and exposed to a number of adverse factors affecting the measurement result. The article presents the results of research and analyses of the external conditions compensation methods used in the recently constructed in IASE MPS000 sensor cooperating with the measurement probes: S321, S325, S501, S410 and S420.
Keywords: special measurements, rotating machinery monitoring, turbine casing and shaft expansion, power plant, compensation methods
Edward ZIAJA, Zbigniew DYNIA
Desulfurization of fluidized bed boiler exhaust gases
Presented are problems concerning exhaust gas desulfurization in power plants.
Keywords: power plant, sulphur, limestone, control, emission
Jerzy TRZESZCZYŃSKI
About searching for a new managing model of new and modernized power units
Seeking the maximum simplification of the organization of power groups is accompanied by a question: which technical competences shall be remained in a group and where to place them? How to gain proper knowledge and experience in a scope of diagnostics and overhauls of new power units having restricted access to documents and crucial technical and operational data? How to find a consensus between short- and long-term maintenance cost reduction? If you assume that maintenance of technical condition of power equipment is a part of country power safety it is worth thinking and taking action aimed at searching optimal model, which includes present and possible to predict realities of functioning the power sector in Poland and
power market in Europe.
Keywords: new managing model, power units
Paweł GAWRON
Experience connected with maintaining the purity of water-steam circuit in supercritical boiler
An important factor influencing the availability of devices thermo-mechanical power is to maintain the good condition of the heat transfer surface in power boilers, especially high purity of the inner surface of the boiler tubes. The basic problem for conventional boilers is important for boilers working at supercritical parameters. Thermo-chemical and hydraulic conditions of work and design solutions to ensure the evaporators boilers require very high purity of the pipe working with supercritical phase. The paper presents the experience of Pro Novum company associated with the right approach to maintain high purity of water-steam boilers with supercritical parameters.
Keywords: water-steam boilers, supercritical parameters
Radosław STANEK, Jacek MACIEJEWSKI
Management of risk based maintenance of modernized K-3 to K-6 boilers type BB1150
Diagnostic system for the boilers K3-K6 integrated with economic database containing, among others, cost of boiler tubes’ failure removal or production loss will be described in the paper. The effect of the integration of examination results, failure analysis as well as working conditions and selected economic data will be an approach to maintenance of boiler tubes based on the Risk Based Maintenance (RBM) strategy.
Keywords: Risk Based Maintenance strategy, boilers type BB1150
Jerzy TRZESZCZYŃSKI, Wojciech MURZYNOWSKI
Safety of modernized power units of 200 MW – Pro Novum’s attitude at the stage of modernization and operation of thermo-mechanical power equipment
For the majority of critical elements life extension of 200 MW power units for further 10-15 years means the operation over designed lifetime. This created the need to estimate their individual lifetime and to observe its loss during operation. Pro Novum, together with the experts of all power plants equipped with 200 MW power units, developed the project of guidelines for examinations, assessment and preparing the lifetime prognosis as well as monitoring its loss. The special attention in the paper is paid to previous experience connected with application of guidelines and benefits foreseen in the area of information and knowledge exchange, especially those assuring operation safety and reduction of main-tenance costs.
Keywords: safety of modernized power units of 200 MW, Pro Novum’s attitude
Sławomir RAJCA, Ewald GRZESICZEK
Pro Novum’s attitude to assessment of LP part blades of turbine 200 MW based on many years’ experience and recent test results
Some modernizations of LP part of turbine sets 13K215 carried out in 1990s meant that increasing the efficiency caused at the same time some operational as well as repair and diagnostic problems requiring for example undertaking more frequent examinations using proper methodology and periodical replacement of blades, in different scopes. In the paper there is presented Pro Novum experience gained during performing the examinations, assessment or post-failure analysis including the following issues: stating the optimum scope of testing, including specific testing methodologies; examinations; stress analysis in relation to location and specification of damages; recommendations for further operation.
Keywords: assessment of LP part blades of turbine 200 MW, Pro Novum’s attitude
Leszek WIŚNIOWSKI, Stanisław NOWORYTA
Maintenance strategy for new power units with fluidized bed boilers and modernized 200 MW power units
New power units equipped with bed fluidized boilers in Jaworzno, Siersza and Łagisza Power Plants as well as modernized power units of 200 MW with dust boilers in Jaworzno and Łaziska Power Plants will be the basis of power capacities in TAURON Wytwarzanie S.A. High efficiency accompanied by optimum maintenance costs require from the personnel of a Department of Productive Property Management to have certain knowledge about technical condition of productive assets. Maintenance strategy assumes that the period between overhauls will remain unchanged, but the scopes of main overhauls will be strictly connected with technical condition of the equipment. Technical condition is assessed on the basis of test results gained within the overhaul, failure analysis and overhaul or operational experience. All the above actions need to be realized in a system mode with support of IT solutions. The knowledge center in scope of productive assets is located in a Department of Productive Property Management, which cooperates with expert overhaul and diagnostic companies including manufacturers of specific equipment.
Keywords: maintenance strategy for new power units with fluidized bed boilers, modernized 200 MW power units