Ryszard BARTNIK, Berenika BARTNIK
Mathematic models with continuous time analysis and determination of heat and electric energy market value as well as of power stations and CHP plants
Presented is a specific methodology based on continuous time recording, of the heat and electric energy market value complex analysis as well as of the market value determination of the being sold (under privtization) power stations and CHP plants and the newly built energy sources. The essence of the market value method consists in implementing not only the future cash flows into the discount account but also the so-called relative market value. The market value methodology allows the investor to calculate the total profit that would be gained from a power plant operation, discounted return period of financial resources invested by him into the purchase of the existing ones or building of new energy sources as well as to calculate the interest rate that will be brought by the captial invested into the sources.
Keywords: heat and electric energy market, market value of power stations and CHP plants, mathematic models and valuation of the heat and electric energy market value
Ewa MICHALAK
The Energy Union – directions of changes in the European Union policy in the electric energy sector
Directions of energy sector transformation in the EU with the aim to realize new climatic targets are outlined in the European Commission’s communication concerning the Energy Union strategy. Activities presented in this document are to ensure the formation of an integrated European energy system and the most effective use of resources. That is why, in particular, there must be taken actions aimed at regional and further on the Union evaluation of the secure electric energy supply. The renewable energy sources are to be an important element of the EU energy security and to integrate these sources emphasised is the need to develop the European transmission system that will enable cost reduction of these sources integration with the internal electric energy market. An important element of realization of these targets is also strengthening the role of consumers and creating conditions for elastic management of both demand and supply. Limiting of the effects of uncoordinated and poorly designed public interventions is to prevent distortions in the internal electric energy market. A great amount of the presented concepts are the already existing and realized ideas being the effect of a long-time discussion based on the last years’ experience and connected with implementation of the internal energy market. Nevertheless, some of them contain new elements which relization will have a far-reaching impact on the shape of the EU electric energy sector. Presented are also here directions of changes in the EU policy concerning the electric energy sector and resulting from the Energy Union strategy.
Keywords: European Union, energy policy, energy system integration
Jerzy NOWAK
The IEC 61850 standard “Communication Networks and Systems in Substations” – ten years later
Ten years have passed since the first edition of the IEC 61850 standard “Communication Networks and Systems in Substations” was published in the year 2004. The standard is an extensive and complex document (above 1500 pages) consisting of 10 parts that include communication, data models (forming and exchange of information) as well as design, configuration, testing and operation. Recalled are principles of substation devices interoperability according to the IEC 61850 and presented is an evaluation of the standard practical application status, problems connected with optimum standard implementation and actions that successively solve these problems. Presented is also a comparison between the IEC6180 and the IEEE1815 (former DNP3) standards implementation status in the USA.
Keywords: European standards, communication networks and systems in substations
Sylwester FILIPIAK
Strategy optimization of power distribution networks development with the use of an evolutionary algorithm
The article concerns problems connected with strategy optimization of distribution networks development and modernization. Presented is a distribution network optimization method using the simulated evolution algorithm. The proposed method enables determination of the best, regarding the adopted criteria, options of distribution networks modernization. Comprised is description of the proposed algorithm and presented are exemplary computations for a selected distribution network system. The advantage of the applied algorithm is its possibility of parallel processing of many network strategies development described in the form of a graph paths reflecting connections between a network development stages. Observed was, when analysing results of many computation processes carried out for various random generated initial populations, obtaining as the final solution the same graph traversal path that reflects the best power network development strategy in an assumed time horizon.
Keywords: power distribution networks, development planning, optimization of development strategy
Włodzimierz KORDYLEWSKI, Dariusz ŁUSZKIEWICZ
Removal of nitrogen oxides from a flue gas by ozonation method
Presented are results of research on the aftertreatment of NOx, SO2 and Hg0 by ozonation. The tests were performed in a pilot plant fed with flue gas (200 m3/h) from an OP-430 boiler. Flue gas was ozonated directly in the flue gas channel whence flowing to the absorber where NOx oxidation products were captured. As an absorbent NaOH was used. Investigated was the influence of molar ratio of
O3/NO on the efficiency of NOx removal from flue gas. Shown is that flue gas ozonation promotes conversion of NOx to nitrates and in the case of SO2 into sulphates. Basing on these results there was designed a flue gas cleaning system for a 900 MW power unit reaching pollutant concentration reduction on a level required by the IED. Conducted was an economic analysis of the flue gas ozonation installation and its results were confronted with the SCR installation costs. It turned out that the ozonation installation is less expensive to operate but its capital costs are approximately 16% higher than the SCR costs.
Keywords: aftertreatment of a 900 MW power unit flue gas, ozonation method, removal of nitrogen, sulphur and mercury compounds
Jacek MALKO | , Paweł MAŚLANKIEWICZ, Henryk WOJCIECHOWSKI |
The role of large-scale demonstration projects as an intermediary element between solution prototypes and operational effects
Discussed is the report prepared by the sector representatives from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Spain and Italy presenting large-scale demonstration projects from the European territory. The projects focus on integration of electric energy sources fed by renewable fuels with as faithful as possible reflected realities of power systems. The clearly defined goal of undertaken investigations sounds as follows: „The safe and reliable integration on the level of the set for EU penetration of RES through 2020 needs implementation of new technologies with the aim to demonstrate effectiveness of new system management practises as well as to make the assessment of economic results and the potential of new solutions repeatability. So, in this context, demonstration of large-scale projects is the best possible assessment of benefits and drawbacks of any of new approaches from the holistic perspective point of view”. Large-scale demonstration projects are considered to be absolutly essential for closing the gap between prototype type solutions and the ones showing full operational capabilities.
Keywords: RES electric energy sources, integration of sources in the system, large-scale demonstration projects
Krzysztof BILLEWICZ
A solar eclipse and photovoltaic generation
Discussed is how a solar eclipse influences the level of electric energy generation by solar cells on the example of cells mounted on the building belonging to Wrocław Polytechnic University.
Keywords: solar eclipse, solar cells, electric energy generation