Sławomir BIELECKI, Danuta SZYMAŃSKA, Bartosz CIEŚLAK
Modern tools for balancing electrical energy in a network system – battery storages and virtual power plants
The current energy market is different from other commodity markets because of the lack of effective energy storage methods. The search for suitable technology of energy storage for longer and shorter time periods is passing slowly to the next stage which is a commercial application. Messages and press reports appear referring to growing amount of offers concerning energy storage facilities for domestic and industrial purposes. Appropriate usage of storages can increase a power system adequacy and considerably reduce the need to invest into sources working during peak demands. To meet quick energy demand changes, from a network point of view, battery storage systems (superconducting coils and supercapacitors) seem to be predistined to do it. Some different approach to balancing conditions improvement is the application of DSR mechanisms that enforce electric usage shifting from peak periods. Influencing the demand can also act as an effective balancing reserve for variable energy generation from renewable sources. DSR can reduce demand for local network investments as it will shift the energy usage from peak periods, in areas with low transmission capabilities, to some other time periods. Under this mechanism an intermediary between commercial power engineering and the end-users can act in a form of the so-called virtual power plant. It is a very useful tool as by controlling the amount of electrical energy used by various facilities it can impact balancing of a power system through “flattening” of the daily demand curve (peak clipping and valley filling). In this way it can indirectly improve supply reliability by reduction possibility of black-outs occurrence.
Keywords: energy storage possibilities, superconducting coils, cupercapacitors, DSR, virtual power plants
Wiesław KLIMEK
Household waste incineration as the biggest source of greenhouse gases emissions
(a voice in the discussion about provisions of the Climate Conference in Paris)
Discussed are negative aspects and effects of building a municipal waste incinerator. Compared are two types of processes - incineration as a very quick one (almost deflagration) and slow adsorption processes. Attention is also called to the fact that as a result of municipal wastes incineration we obtain greater amount of dangerous products than we had before the incineration process.
Keywords: municipal wastes, waste incineration, greenhouse gases emissions
Patrycja ŻUPA-MARCZUK, Andrzej KOCHANIEWICZ
New legal requirements for big energy generation sources. BAT conclusions – challenges and threats
The EU energy policy is now heading in the direction of low-emission and ecological energy generation with simultanous achieving high efficiency of energy conversion. Legal framework and tools, which are expected to help to meet this challenge, are first of all the IED Directive and the BAT conclusions. The present EU policy puts the Polish power sector into a very difficult position as from the year 2021 our domestic power units, which are going to obtain integrated allowances, will have to meet a number of strict requirements resulting from BAT conclusions. Analysed are the present BAT-AELs and BAT-AEELs emission levels requirements. Considered is an influence of exemplary technological solutions on the existing technological system.
Keywords: BAT conclusions, IED Directive, legal requirements for big energy generation sources
Dariusz DEKARZ
Technical and economic analysis of an OP-650 pulverised coal power boiler retrofit
Strict regulations concerning pollutants emission to the environment as well as obsolescence of many energy generation sources belonging to the Polish power system make it necessary to control the condition of individual facilities and of the parameters they can achieve. The only method to extend the life of the Polish power and CHP plants is performing, in the period of every few years, the retrofits of power units. Presented is an analysis of retrofit influence on an operation of a boiler and its auxiliaries, prepared on the basis of reports on two OP-650 power boilers parameters’ measurements conducted by „ENERGOPOMIAR” Sp. z o.o.
Keywords: OP-650 pulverised coal power boiler, retrofit, technical and economic analysis
Marcin MATERNICKI, Jacek GRODZICKI, Krzysztof ROMANIUK, Marek RUSINIAK
Heterogeneity of P91 steel tubes material on the basis of the Instytut Energetyki research results
On the basis of the authors’ own analyses it is ascertained that acceptance tests conducted only with the help of replicas and hardnesss measurement in one place only does not give us 100% certainty because of possible heterogeneities of a tube wall thickness. Particular problems occur when we deal with hot-formed elements - individual parts of a pipe-arc were subject to various kinds of heat treatment that influenced their microstructure. For straight sections a reliable testing can be performed on the facing surface of a section. Similar acceptance test conducted on samples collected from one place only does not give 100% certainty because of possible heterogeneities of a wall thickeness, perimeter and length of a pipe section. It seems advisable to analyse material acceptance procedures applied for P91 steel tubes. Testing scope should be extended to make it possible to get a full picture of the given element microstructure. It would then be the basis to select an area for further tests serving the evaluation of the element’s lifetime. In the already operated installations one must foresee conducting of tests enabling assessment of actual material condition and identification of dangerous spots.
Keywords: P91 steel tubes, tube material homogeneity testing, tube material heterogeneity
Marek RUSINIAK, Krzysztof ROMANIUK, Jacek GRODZICKI, Marcin MATERNICKI, Janusz GINALSKI
Assesment of a working efficiency of energy pipelines constant-load hangers after a long time operation
Ascertained is that all tested lever and pulley types of counterbalance constant-load mountings after a long time operation do not comply with the technical requirements contained in the actual guidelines concerning mountings, including the Polish Standard PN-EN 13480-3:2012. Tested mounting reaction forces greatly exceed permissible force deviations with values of up to 300% of the designed ones. Even multiple “overtraining” i.e. loading and unloading of mountings does not reduce exceedingly big hysteresis loop area of these mountings. Performed tests of pulley and lever constant load mountings confirmed necessity of undertaking special supervision over the discussed types of mountings. All pulley and lever constant load mountings after a long time operation in domestic power plants should be tested and, depending on technical condition, repaired or replaced. Mountings left for further operation should be subjected to periodic inspections of real reaction and hysteresis forces. Malfunctioning of mounting systems can significantly increase a pipeline elements effort and contribute to shorten the pipeline operating time.
Keywords: energy pipelines, pipeline hangers, working efficiency of hangers after a long time operation
Jerzy PRZYBYSZ
Problems with vibrations and durability of hydrogenerators
Discussed are loads having impact on basic hydrogenerator’s nodes – electromagnetic loads, electromagnetic torque counterbalanced by a turbine’s moment, inertia forces, rotating masses, thermal strains, hydraulic forces from a turbine. Presented is an operating principle of a carrier thrust bearing.
Keywords: hydrogenerators, forces acting on hydrogenerators’ elements, carrier thrust bearings
Tomasz GOLEC, Jerzy SZYMCZAK, Bartosz ŚWIĄTKOWSKI, Ewa LUŚNIA, Wojciech KACPRZAK, Krzysztof NIERADKA
Methods of adapting pulverised coal boilers to application of non-catalytic NOx reduction technologies
Presented are achievements of Instytut Energetyki (Institute of Power Engineering) in the scope of nitrogen oxides emission reduction with the use of primary methods and a selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). SNCR efficiency depends on the effectiveness of simultaneous reduction of nitrogen oxides emission with the use of primary methods through proper organization of the combustion process. By using primary methods we achieve reduction of NOx emission level before the SNCR installation and also created is, beneficial for the SNCR selective reduction, a required flue-gas temperature window in the range of 950-1100˚C that results in a lower reagent consumption. These effects can be achieved by boiler retrofitting combined with proper organization of a combustion process while their proper selection depends on several factors such as the type and size of a boiler together with the combusted coal quality. Presented is realization of an OP-215 boiler furnace modernization that combines a primary method of nitrogen oxides emission reduction and the SNCR method thereby ensuring NOx reduction to the level below 200 mg/m3u. This was achieved by application of series of complementary actions developed at the Instytut Energetyki starting from conceptual design works, through numerical simulations, design and engineering and ending with implementation and testing on real facilities.
Keywords: OP-215 power boiler, boiler modernization, combination of a nitrogen oxides emission reduction primary method with the SNCR method
Ewa LUŚNIA, Bartosz ŚWIĄTKOWSKI
Catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (SCR) – present state and development prospects
Discussed are issues concerning integration of selective catalytic nitrogen oxides reduction units (SCR) with pulverised coal furnaces in the light of increasing coal units operation flexibility. Discussed are application limitations of the current SCR systems and new directions of development are identified: elaboration of new solutions adapting SCR technology to future power stations operation modes (modification of an active layer composition, low-temperature SCR units with coal-based carriers) and reduction of the existing and future SCR units operational costs. Presented is the experience of Instytut Energetyki (Institute of Power Engineering) in the scope of catalytic flue-gas denitrification.
Keywords: SCR, flexibility, low-temperature catalyst