Maciej PAWLIK
National power plant park – investment dilemmas
Analysed is further development of the domestic electricity generation sector against fundamental changes in the world power industry. An attempt is made to respond to investment challenges taking into account, on the one hand, domestic fossil fuel resources and, on the other hand, the European Union’s climate and energy policy. Reference is made to the issue of investment directions i.e. whether to invest into new large scale supercritical blocks or into revitalization of the existing 200 MW class units to extend their service life under conditions of deep regulation and frequent start-ups. Indicated are possibilities to achieve significant reduction of CO2 emission by diversification of the national power plant park taking into account renewable energy sources as well as the gas and nuclear power plants.
Keywords: power plants, advanced power units, revitalization, diversification of fuel structure
Antonina KIELECZAWA, Klaudia KRAWIEC-ZIĄTEK, Michał BIAŁECKI, Radosław IZAKIEWICZ, Piotr PIETRAS,
Roman SKAKOWSKI, Wojciech SZUBERT, Michał WITEK, Edward ZIAJA
Functionality of user interface dedicated to a DCS MASTER Automation System
A user interface is a part of operating and application systems responsible for an interaction between the user and a system. From the practical point of view, the most commonly used user interfaces in the contemporary technological process automation systems are the graphic ones which enable communication between the user and a computer with the help of graphic elements. Program functioning effects are also presented in forms of graphics, pictograms, information windows etc. Commands are mainly given by means of pointing devices such as mice, pointers or touch panels. And, as the MASTER system user interface is a well-developed one, presented are here only functions selected with regard to those interface utility features that enable quick reaction of operators in critical situations and also allow quiet analysis and running the facility in periods of a stable work.
Keywords: graphic user interface (GUI), graphic displays, automation systems, operator workstations
Tadeusz MĄCZKA, Mariusz LIPIŃSKI
Analysis of a stationary electrode heating parameters selection in an electric field on the example of tetraethyleneglycol
Discussed is the general characteristics, properties and application of organic low-conductivity liquids and their electrode heating process. Presented is their electric conductivity in a flow field and described is an exemplary experiment – electrode heating of tetraethyleneglycol in an electric field of 50 Hz mains frequency. On the basis of this experiment test results analysis, professional literature and balance equations considering energy exchange between the heating system and an environment, a model of tetraethyleneglycol electrode heating was elaborated with the use of the Matlab-Simulink software. Performed were simulation tests of this process comparing time based data, concerning temperature and energy delivered to the heated glycol, determined in the way of simulation and the ones obtained during the experiment. The obtained model time based characteristics of delivered energy and tetraethyleneglycol temperature during the electrode heating process both in a 200 kV/m and 600 kV/m fields relatively well imitated data acquired during the experiment. This in turn gives the basis to conclude that the applied methodology can be used for selection of relevant heating process parameters of some other liquid of significant importance for power, chemical, pharmaceutical and plastic processing industries.
Keywords: electrode heating, electric field, low-conductivity liquids, modeling
Grzegorz BONIKOWSKI
New solutions for a power unit operation control process
An attempt was made to elaborate a programmable MP1 converter enabling a wide range of measurements to be made in the field of rotating machines monitoring. During the work with the available sensors elaborated in the Institute of Power Systems Automation Ltd. in Wrocław a considerable improvement in the sensors operational range was achieved by parameterization of power units operation controlled by a microcontroller. Moreover, implemented were algorithms of the measurement linearization and thermal compensation. The obtained positive results were then used in the measurement process of revolutions, vibrations and extentions. Because of difficulties with performing the tuning measurements in the measuring system working place, elaborated were algorithms conducting an independent diagnostics of the measuring system that adjusts to the existing measurement conditions. All the works were conducted succesfully and as a result the converter with one generation circuit MP1 was put into production.
Keywords: rotating machines monitoring, special measurements, turbine, TG unit, vibration measurement, rotation measurement, phase measurement, compensation
Jerzy TRZESZCZYŃSKI
Diagnostics to support flexible operation of 200 MW power units
Within the legal, economical and technical requirements for power units the last one are the most important. This is because the technical condition of power equipment decides about their availability. High availability will be the most needed attribute of power units 200 MW class, which will be used to stabilize the National Energy System in future even more than now. This availability may only ensured by the knowledge coming from properly organized and performed diagnostics and diagnostics-based maintenance with adequate scope and standard and acceptable costs. For this purpose a complete diagnostic system, which integrates life time approaching and prediction of failure. Taking into account operation conditions of over 30 power units of 200 MW, has been developed.
Keywords: power units of 200 MW, diagnostic system of Pro Novum
Radosław STANEK, Jerzy TRZESZCZYŃSKI, Marcin DĄBROWSKI
Diagnostics of one type of power equipment in the national power system scale using IT portal integrating operation information
Technical condition, especially the availability of long time operated equipment, working in the cycle load, depends to a great extent on the operating conditions and quality of technical maintenance. Properly performed diagnostics is a basic source of information on the current state of the equipment. The association of the results of the inspection carried out in the planned or forced overhaul and operating conditions is a source of information for the planning of diagnostics, overhauls and financial outlays. The greatest benefits can be reached by studying not only individual devices and even similarly structured devices in one power plant or group of power plants. Maximum profit can be achieved by integrating appropriate information as in above mentioned the National Energy System scale. For this purpose we have developed test standards, remote diagnostics systems and an internet portal that integrates information, knowledge and experience. This is the most effective approach to ensure operational safety, high availability, as well as optimization of maintenance costs.
Keywords: diagnostic of long time operated equipment, IT portal of Pro Novum
Wojciech MURZYNOWSKI, Jerzy TRZESZCZYŃSKI
Experiences related to remote diagnostics and development trends of IT platform LM System PRO+®
Changes in the Polish power sector, initiated in the 1990s, led to the release of the power plant – to a large extent – from the central administration. This has led to the fact that power plants have started to pursue individual policies in almost all areas of their business, and the most ambitious ones have their own development projects. Further changes (including changes in the mode of operation of power equipment) have led to significant cost reductions in terms of maintenance of the equipment as well as changes in the maintenance models themselves.
The above described changes inspired Pro Novum, more than 10 years ago – as the first diagnostic company in Poland – to work on creating a system that could support the work of assets’ management departments. The first version of the system was created – LM System PRO®, which over time has taken the form of the IT platform LM System PRO+® – now in version 3.0. The IT platform consists of so-called functional packages that can be deployed at the client in a variety of configurations. Such flexibility of the system enabled us to launch in 2009 the service of remote diagnostic supervision in the field of thermo-mechanical devices and power chemistry. This service is implemented through the LM Service PRO® functional package. The article presents the Pro Novum experience of diagnostic supervisions – remote diagnostics, in various configurations, and directions of development of the IT platform LM System PRO+®, which includes changes in the mode of operation of power equipment.
Keywords: thermo-mechanical devices, power chemistry, remote diagnostic supervision, IT platform LM System PRO+®
Stanisław SIEDLECKI, Wojciech MERDALSKI
Experiences of ENERGA Elektrownie Ostrołęka SA with flexible operation of modernized power units 200 MW
Over the past decade, organizational changes as well as the changes in the nature of the Power Plant’s operation have led to a number of investments to adapt to the needs of the market. Providing heat for the city of Ostrołęka, maintaining the production capacity of electricity and heat, protecting the environment (meeting the requirements of IED 2010/75/EU and related BAT Conclusions), ensuring the required availability of units, extending the life of units and extending the periods between overhauls – these are the main investment objectives. In order to achieve this goal, a number of activities (modernizations) of both boilers and turbine sets and environmental protection installations have been undertaken. Ensuring high availability of units in the present day (intensive operation in regulation mode) also requires that customized diagnostics to be properly implemented and cannot be done without the use of specialized support tools for the Specialists of the Power Plant. As a result, in May 2012, the IT platform LM System PRO+® was launched, which over the years has become a source of knowledge about current technical condition, which is available through „one mouse click”. Correlation of the day-to-day repair practice at the Power Plant together with the requirements adopted in the System gave a number of possibilities to ensure high availability while optimizing maintenance costs.
Keywords: ENERGA Elektrownie Ostrołęka SA, flexible operation of modernized power units 200 MW, IT platform LM System PRO+®
Wojciech C. BRUNNÉ
Reduction of units capacity and cycle load as causes of hazards for safe operation of power units
Currently operated power units were designed on the basis of technical assumptions that had not taken into account the conditions resulting from cycle load or they did to a limited extent within the design assumptions, the technical minimum power (technical minimum) was also then defined. The article attempts to systematize new threats to the safe operation of the units that work in a cycle load and often also below, defined in the Technical Operating Instructions, the technical minimum. The most important diagnostic implications of units’ operation in conditions that are often significantly different from those for which they were designed and upgraded are discussed.
Keywords: operation of power units, new threats to the safe operation, reduction of power units capacity, work in a cycle load
Ryszard BENIAK, Błażej BZOWSKI, Mateusz PŁAWECKI, Edward RÓWIŃSKI
Energy efficiency measurements of a silicon PV module depending on the abrupt tilt changes under Standard Test Conditions (STC)
In scientific literature one can find quite a number of publications concerning PV solar tracking systems [1,2,3]. Application of automatic panel moving systems with the use of adequate geared motors enables an increase in the energy output while optimization of the problem is a real challenge. The present work makes a contribution to optimization of energy gain depending on changes in PV panels tilt angle. To verify this gain the measurements were made when changing panel positions by the angle of 1, 3.75 and 15 degrees that corresponds with changes in the sun position after 4, 15 and 60 minutes.
Keywords: PV panels, tracking systems, optimization, increase energy efficiency
Błażej BZOWSKI, Edward RÓWIŃSKI
AD 2017 photovoltaics – perovskites or silicon?
Systematic drop in prices of silicon panels as well as the search for alternative substances enabling conversion of solar radiation into electric energy constitute two competing trends despite the lack of an act allowing anticipation of gains from PV installations. But now, among various directions of a search for the best methods of solar radiation conversion like using dye-sensitized solar cells or CIGS, there are the perovskites that due to O. Malinkiewicz works are taking the lead.
Keywords: photovoltaics, silicon, perovskites
Mirosław GRYSZPIŃSKI, Stanisław WAWRZYNIAK, Piotr SZPULAK
Distribution of partial discharges on the surface of a composite insulator covered with a conductive material
Presented are investigation results of surface partial discharges taking place on a MV overhead power line strain composite insulator. The investigations were conducted under conditions of various degrees of the insulator soiling with conductive material used in a form of NaCl solution. Measurements results were presented with the help of visible light images superimposed on the electromagnetic radiation emission in the UV range generated by partial discharges.
Keywords: composite insulator, surface investigations, partial discharges
Piotr SZPULAK, Mirosław GRYSZPIŃSKI, Stanisław WAWRZYNIAK
Identification of the standardized electric charges distribution darkness degree intensity on a transversal insulation barrier in the MATrix LABoratory development environment for scientific and technical calculations
Presented is the method to digitize results of electric charges distribution on transversal insulation barriers in a strongly non-uniform field. The charges were obtained during temporary electrification of folia electrets that practically are an electrostatic equivalent of a magnet enabling collection of a big amount of high density charges implemented from an external source. For this purpose applied were procedures that enable downloading images from a file to the matrix for grey and black-and-white images available in the MATrix LABoratory development environment for scientific and technical calculations.
Keywords: MATrix LABoratory, electric charges distribution
Stanisław WAWRZYNIAK, Piotr SZPULAK, Mirosław GRYSZPIŃSKI
Influence of gas inclusions in a transformer oil on the breakdown voltage
Presented are preliminary results of investigations concerning influence of gas inclusions in a transformer oil on the breakdown voltage. Conducted were measurements of a breakdown voltage in rod-plane and multi-rod-plane spark gap arrangements immersed in transformer oil with and without gas inclusions. Numerically elaborated is the method of determining the physical characteristics of gas inclusions.
Keywords: influence of gas inclusions, breakdown voltage, transformer oil
Elżbieta MORYŃ-KUCHARCZYK
The role of energy storage in RES integration with a power system
This case study concerns big scale stationary electrical energy storages cooperating with a power grid. Discussed are reasons of electric energy storage and the related issues. Presented are applied technologies (pumped-storage power plants, gas-fired power plants with compressed air storage) and new trends (battery energy storages, „Power-to-Gas” technology i.e. electrical energy storage in the form of chemical energy of hydrogen) as well as the present-day situation concerning large scale electric energy storage in the world. Special attention is paid to possibilities and limitations to the presented technologies application for storing electric energy coming from wind and PV plants. Concluded is that the basic forms of electrical energy storage in power systems are, and will continue to be, pumped storage power plants while the increasing role in integration of wind and PV plants with power systems will be played by battery energy storages. Production of hydrogen with the use of solar radiation energy is now viewed as a future solution for a long-term solar energy storage.
Keywords: electrical energy storage, pumped storage power plants (PSH), gas-fired power plants with CAES (compressed air energy storages), stationary battery storage systems, „Power-to-Gas” technology
Aleksandra BĄK, Iwona BOROWICKA, Tomasz CIERLICKI, Marek SZYMCZAK, Izabela PIASECKA
Research and analysis of selected Fabaceae seeds multi-cylindrical grinding process for energy purposes
Described are possibilities arising from the use of Fabaceae biomass as an alternative energy source. Burning of biomass is the simplest and at the same time the oldest way of generating energy. Type of biomass and its grinding degree affects the selection of technology and combustion techniques. Plant grains are burned for the purpose of obtaining heat and electricity and they are ranked as a source of renewable energy. Presented are results of grain energy value and ash content measurements of tested soybean, lentil and lupine seeds.
Keywords: renewable energy sources, biomass, grinding process, Fabaceae seeds