Paweł TERLIKOWSKI, Martyna KWIATKOWSKA, Józef PASKA,Karol PAWLAK, Jakub KALIŃSKI, Dawid URBANEK
EU Winter Package reception by the Polish power sector
The main part of the “Clean Energy for All Europeans Package” (also known as the Clean Energy Package or the Winter Package) is the European Commission’s proposal to introduce (or to amend) four directives and four regulations. The proposed directives concern the internal electricity market, energy efficiency, promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and the energy performance of buildings. The draft regulations refer to the Energy Union management, the internal electricity market, the European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators and the risk-preparedness in the electricity sector. Described is assessment of the impact that the objectives and assumptions of the main Winter Package documents have on the Polish power sector. The opinion of the most important national and international stakeholders of the Package is taken into consideration. Among the domestic organizations, the position of the transmission system operator and the most important national sectoral organization – the Polish Electricity Association – were analysed. From among European organizations analysed were standpoints of the ENTSO-E and Eurelectric. Amongst the detailed proposals of new solutions, attention was paid i.a. to the risk connected with transfer of responsibility for power systems operational security from national to the regional level. Assessed is the market model proposing separation of electricity obtaining processes from capacity reserves. Conducted was also the analysis of the impact of introducing the CO2 emission standard – 550 g/kWh – on power plants participating in the European capacity markets.
Keywords: Winter Package, Polish power sector, capacity market, CO2 emission, regional operational centre
Ryszard BARTNIK, Waldemar SKOMUDEK, Zbigniew BURYN, Anna HNYDIUK-STEFAN, Aleksandra OTAWA, Adam JUSZCZAK
Methodology and analysis of the impact of technical and economic parameters on specific cost of heat production in single fuel CHP stations
Described is the impact of technical and economic parameters of energy technologies on the value of a heat production specific cost in CHP stations. The analysis was conducted with the use of innovative constant time methodology. Presented results of multivariate calculations give the answer to a question concerning the value of this impact and, what is also important, to what extent the values of these parameters allow reduction of the heat production specific cost. They also show how much the cost is influenced by changes of fuel prices and environmental charges over time.
Keywords: energy technologies, technical and economic parameters, specific cost of heat production in CHP stations
Radosław SZCZERBOWSKI
Sustainable development strategy and the Polish energy generation sector
Future and development of power generation is one of the most important problems both in domestic and world politics. Responsibility of the power sector for climate changes on the Earth and care of ensuring sufficient amount of energy in the coming years are the main challenges facing now the energy industry. Work is currently in progress on another version of the document “Energy Policy of Poland” and the one being developed now should clearly indicate the goals for the coming years and help to make investment decisions in the power sector. The guarantee now of the Polish Power System continuous work is electric energy generated in the coal-fired power plants which are the source of stable and uninterrupted energy supplies. They are also proving to be valuable back-up units for the ones basing on renewable sources. During the last several years the development of conventional power generation have significalntly decelerated exposing our country to the threat of an insufficient power reserves. So, in the absence of operative energy storage capacity, maintaining the conventional energy generation units in standby becomes – in the context of energy safety – a key issue. Presented are here basic informations concerning the power sector sustained development strategies and their influence on the future energy mix.
Keywords: energy safety, sustainable development strategy, energy policy
Zdobysław FLISOWSKI
Practical and scientific basis to disqualify the “active lightning protection”
The present considerations are dedicated to practical and scientific basis to disqualify the “active lightning rods” as it is not only that the operating principle of an “active down-conductor” or, using other words, “ESE (Early Streamer Emission) down-conductor” is wrong, but also wrong are solutions of the whole “lightning protection device”. An attempt is made to justify in theoretical and practical ways that the “ESE down-conductors” have no real advantage over the regular ones and if there is anybody ready to apply them, he should do it in the way as described in PN-EN 62305 series of standards. Areas considered as protected can not be in any case bigger than it results from the rolling sphere method and the reference plane for a protection angle can only be a conductive and earthed surface. It means that an object can not be protected by only one “ESE down-conductor” but by so many, as it results from provisions of the actual standard referred to in the Ministerial Decree. “ESE down-conductor” promoters are free to act as they wish and wade into irregularities. Contrary to their declarations there is no compliance between “ESE down-conductors” and the European Standard EN-62305 and thereby the Polish Standard PN-EN 62305.
Keywords: ESE (Early Streamer Emission) down-conductors, lightning protection devices, European Standard EN-62305
Jarosław WIATER
Expert system for risk assessment of lightning losses as a recommendation from the Polish Chamber of Insurance
Presented are more important guidelines having a direct impact on both reduction of ligthning losses risk and costs of their effects elimination. The discussed recommendations contain detailed guidelines concerning lightning and surge protection of buildings as well as of electrical and electronic devices. Given are practical examples of errors that can enhance the risk of losses as the result of cloud-to-ground lightning discharges. Defined are requirements for designers, contractors and managers of buildings. Emphasised is that from the point of view of general insurance conditions, using dangerous equipment excludes an insurer’s liability. Cost criterion that contributes to further duration of this pathology, can cause many dramatic situations in enterprises, companies and at private persons’ estates. Alas, the problem of using defective equipment, especially of Chinese origin, significantly increases the risk of lightning losses.
Keywords: lightning discharges, insurer’s liability, requirements for building designers, contractors and managers
Grzegorz MASŁOWSKI, Robert ZIEMBA
Analysis of overvoltage hazards to a building supply line created by close lightning discharges
Presented are simulation results of surges induced in an overhead supply line entering a building. Calculations are conducted with the use of LIOV module implemented into the EMTP-RV program. Comparison is made between surges responding lightning currents components given in the PN-EN 62305-1 standard. Examined is the influence of parameters of the analysed transmission line system nearby a lightning discharge channel on shapes and peak values of induced surges. On the basis of the herewith given results it is stated that for the increased collection surface width of 2000 m, contained in the new edition of the standard, overvoltages at the beginning of a transmission line i.e. at the place where an object is connected to it, exceed the value of 1,5 kV. This value is described in the standard as the threshold one while in the case of the 500 m width the overvoltages are several times bigger.
Keywords: overvoltage hazards, overhead line entering a building, peak values of induced overvoltages
Leszek KOTULSKI
IT system for monitoring and control of a big wind turbine on the example of innovative vertical axis rotation ANew-S1 turbine
Every wind turbine consists of at least two systems – mechanical and electrical-electronic ones. In modern wind turbines we can find one more system – the IT one. The computer system of a big wind turbine performs several tasks to which belong the control on the level higher than the electronic one, intelligent monitoring and early warning, management of the data (especially collecting and archiving), diagnostics based on the course of monitoring and archived data, prediction of the turbine working conditions, optimization of the turbine operation which is closely connected with its control and also the support in making decisions regarding turbine operation like planning of repairs. The IT system of the innovative vertical axis rotation ANew-S1 type wind turbine (VAWT) is an example of a system dedicated for a big wind turbine. Both the turbine and its computer system were developed under a NCBiR grant by the consortium comprised of Stalprodukt and ANew companies and the AGH University of Science and Technology in Cracov. The ANew-S1 turbine was designed by ANew and produced by Stalprodukt companies. The described IT system of the ANew-S1 turbine has already been implemented and pre-tested and at the present stage tests show that the system works in a proper way and in line with expectations.
Keywords: big wind turbine, IT system for monitoring and control, ANew-S1 vertical axis wind turbine
Mateusz PŁAWECKI, Edward RÓWIŃSKI, Błażej BZOWSKI, Przemysław Korasiak
Static and dynamic resistance in a two-diode model of a PV cell
Discussed is the static and dynamic resistance in a two-diode (double diode) model and additionally considered is the coefficient of diffusion and relaxation time. Given are also equations for calculation of static and dynamic resistances. In case of cells made of polycrystalline materials the dynamic resistance depends also on the size of grains. Shown is that the static resistance curve passes exponentially near the maximum voltage and in the case of the dynamic resistance curve strong oscillations near the maximum current are observed.
Keywords: static resistance, dynamic resistance, two-diode model
Mateusz PŁAWECKI, Edward RÓWIŃSKI, Błażej BZOWSKI
Influence of quantum energy and photon flux on power density in PV cells
Presented are theoretical studies on influence of quantum energy and photon flux on power density for photons falling onto a PV cell surface. The object of theses studies are PV cells built on the basis of germanium, silicon and gallium arsenide. Proved is that PV cells illuminated with a monoenergetic beam of photons change in the wide range of power density which is proportional to the product of the flux and photon energy and is linear in relation to the quantum energy or the photon flux. Shown is that the power density plays a fundamental role in the search of new materials to be used in PV cells.
Keywords: monoenergetic photon beam, power density, photon flux, PV cells
Piotr SZPULAK
Method to prepare hot utility water with the application of a heat pump along with cost presentation in an annual cycle
Presented is the method of hot utility water preparation by application of a heat pump equipped with a 300 l water tank and making use of heat cumulated in the air of a detached building basement. Included is a presentation of heating costs in an annual cycle.
Keywords: heat pump, hot water heating costs