Jan Popczyk
800 issues (74 years) of "Energetyka" monthly
Jubilees are needed to respect the history, open oneself for passing of time and turn to the future. Not only to decode it and name it but to start to build it
For all power engineers there is nothing more important than to reinstate the power engineers' ethic (in the part concerning ability to take up difficult challenges and their professionalism). Within the ethic of a professor power engineer the most important today is the responsibility for creating the understanding between politicians concerning the influence that the breakthrough in power industry will exert on macroeconomy and on social changes in the 2050 horizon. Described is here the history of Poland's electrification and the history of shaping the Polish power industry as a sector after the Second World War. Concluded is that 800 issues and 74 years of "Energetyka" presence in the publishing market are the argument for its inclusion into the transformation of the Polish power industry from that one based on fossil fuels to electroprosumerism. Today, the moral and social challenge for Polish power engineers is to find themselves on crossings of technology, microeconomy and humanities. On these crossings there will emerge in the world the nodes of such structures like electrprosumerism, digital economy, industry 4.0, ... . And it is these nodes that will be the cornerstone of social processes and safety of the widely understood natural environment including climate changes.
Keywords: power industry, electrification, electricity industry, electroprosumerism
Herbert Leopold Gabryś
Power industry in Poland in 2021
– selected from challenges and results of the last year
Given is the energy balance for the year 2020 in comparisons with the previous year. Poland's economic results for the whole 2020 year confirm costly pandemic implications. We produce less, consume more and purchases from abroad increasingly grow. Power industry transition in Poland is a process which aims at climate neutrality in 2050. But the process must be run wisely in order not to disturb the security of energy supplies not only for our needs. Energy consumption grows up, older production capacities will be terminated and though the number of renewable energy sources significantly increases they must be secured by conventional energy – otherwise there will be no possibility to balance the energy system needs. Charactized are changes in utility power plants production. CHP plants still play dominant role in electricity generation but with diminishing production. Electric energy from power plants fired with hard and brown coal is effectively eliminated from the market. Presented was Poland's Energy Policy until 2040 prepared so as to meet the challenge which is building of a new energy system within the next two decades.
Keywords: energy industry in Poland, energy balance for the year 2020, Poland's Energy Policy until 2040
Jerzy Trzeszczyński
Diagnostics today and tomorrow
Diagnostics has undergone a similar evolution as the Polish power sector. It will also face a similar transformation as the entire sector. Due to the development of RES, bigger energy import and production technologies there will be less of it. Due to different mode of operation of power plants then before it will need adequate methods of obtaining and processing information. Diagnostics will be remote in a significant part. It will require simpler tests and measurements and more advanced methods of acquiring knowledge and experience than before. These, in turns, will be less than before in the domain of the user and more on the side of the device supplier and specialized expert companies. For such development of diagnostics we have been preparing for many years.
Keywords: power sector, transformation, development of remote diagnostics
Dominika Kalinowska
Effects of the injection of dusty calcium-based sorbents
on the efficiency of electrostatic separation of PM10 and PM2.5
As a consequence of the entry into force of stringent legal requirements concerning emissions of acidic substances into the air, combustion plants are obliged to adapt to the new emission standards. To fulfill the requirements, investors have to choose the best way to reduce emissions of harmful substances. One of many solutions, which does not significantly interfere with the fuel combustion installation, is the method of dry sorbent injection (DSI), which consists in an injection of dry material (calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate) directly into the flue gas stream. This process offers a number of advantages, such as a relatively low investment cost or uninterruptible operation of the process line. However, one should also take into account, for example, operating conditions of the installed dust collectors. The grain size of the injected sorbent has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the reaction of acidic pollutants – the finer the fraction, the more effective the DSI process. Yet, a fine fraction significantly reduces the ESP efficiency. Particulate matter emissions to the atmosphere are more harmful if the emitted particles are small in diameter. Fine particles smaller than 2.5 µm in diameter easily enter organisms through the upper respiratory tract, thus posing a real threat to human health.
Keywords: dry sorbent injection (DSI), electrostatic precipitator (ESP), dust, acidic pollutants, sorbent, hydrated lime, resistivity, flue gas cleaning, PM2.5, PM10, emission, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride
Elżbieta Janigacz, Agnieszka Stachura-Węgierek
Environmental objectives and water-legal assessment
The paper analyzes the provisions of the amended Water Law Act, which introduce a new decision, i.e.: a water-legal assessment. A water-legal assessment is issued for investments or activities that may affect achieving environmental objectives but have not been taken into consideration in the Water Management Plan (WMP) for river basins. This decision should be obtained before submitting the application for a water-legal permit as it constitutes an obligatory attachment to the relevant application (if required for the specific use of water). For projects of possible significant effects on the environment, a water-legal assessment is replaced by the decision on environmental conditions. The experience gathered by „ENERGOPOMIAR” Sp. z o.o. indicates that preparation of the documentation in line with the current legislation, both for activities which are the continuation of water use and for investments or new projects, requires implementing the water-legal assessment procedure, which has been confirmed by the interpretation of the Ministry of Marine Economy and Inland Navigation (however, the provisions of the applicable legal acts give rise to ambiguity).
Keywords: Water Law Act, Water Framework Directive (WFD), environmental objectives, uniform water bodies
Paweł Latosiński, Marcin Szybowski, Grzegorz Cempura, Grzegorz Rumiński
Cable platform ensuring possibility to attach new investment objects to 110 kV power lines
Cable platform is a spatial steel construction enabling its foundation under the existing 110 kV overhead lines. Realization of the overhead connection with a cable branch makes it possible – after fitting it with necessary accessories – to feed power objects without interfering into the existing supporting structures. The designed solution was successfully used during building of one of the designed by ENERGOPROJEKT-KRAKÓW SA power objects. Application of the pre-fabricated foundation considerably accelerated the works. Platform structure including the pre-fabricated foundation enables easy and relatively rapid disassembly and return to original condition. It is a very favourable solution in case of temporary objects and because of its innovative character this particular solution was filed for legal protection in the territory of the European Union.
Keywords: 110 kV overhead power lines, pre-fabricated foundation, cable platform, feeding power objects without interfering into the existing supporting structures, temporary objects
Konrad Kochanowicz, Paweł Latosiński, Marcin Szybowski
New technical solutions of overhead lines temporary connections
Necessity to ensure continuous power supply to end-users and shortening of outage times requires realization of temporary connections between various overhead lines. Such challenge was undertaken by ENERGOPROJEKT-KRAKÓW SA project team due to the need of execution of temporary connection between the existing 220 kV line Żydowo – Gdańsk 1 and a newly built double circuit 400 kV transmission line Gdańsk Przyjaźń – Żydowo Kierzkowo. This connection enabled operation of one circuit of a new 400 kV line with the voltage of 220 kV for more than 12 months. The special feature of this solution was short time of realization and relatively low cost. It also allowed demolition of more than 200 poles of the old line and reduced the investment time. Described is here an innovative method to lead out branch cables from L1 and L3 phase conductors. Application of additional isolation chains mounted on phase conductors made it possible to keep the required isolation distances in various weather conditions. Application of such solution was possible because of a good cooperation between the ENERGOPROJEKT-KRAKÓW SA project team, the Investor and the firm BELOS-PLP.
Keywords: overhead lines temporary connections, ENERGOPROJEKT-KRAKÓW SA, whirled poles, twin poles