Jacek KAMIŃSKI
Methodical assumptions for the development of electric energy market equilibrium model for Poland
Energetyka 2011, nr 1, p. 10
Presented are general assumptions for elaboration of a mathematical model of the electric energy market - the selected one is the Nash equilibrium concept as the most appropriate for an application in the Polish conditions. Taking into consideration all pros and cons of various approaches, the Cournot-based one with conjectural variations was chosen. This method allows the adequate, for the planned scope of research, reflecting of real interactions between subjects functioning in the energy sector. Presented is mathematical representation of the model, followed by corresponding KKT conditions. As a further step, a computer implementation of this model (in GAMS) with an employment of complementary programming methodology is planned.
Keywords: electric energy market model, market equilibrium, oligopoly, complementary programming
Ryszard BARTNIK, Anna DUCZKOWSKA-KĄDZIEL, Maciej SKRZYSZEWSKI
Climate and energy package vs dual fuel gas and steam systems
Energetyka 2011, nr 1, p. 17
There is proved that modernization of the existing coal sources with the help of a gas turbine is the most rational, from both - technological and technical - sides, solution that with a very big overmeasure will permit the Polish power industry to cope with the EU requirements. It will also, at the same time, allow to modernize the national power industry with the use of the lowest possible financial outlay (being, what is important, within the reach of domestic energy producers), making this industry really modern. It is necessary to carry out a complex - thermodynamic and economic - optimization analysis of the existing coal-fired power plants' objects with the aim to modernize them to dual fuel systems using natural gas.
Keywords: coal-fired power plants, gas turbines, dual fuel gas and steam systems
Jacek MALKO On heretics in climatology
Energetyka 2011, nr 1, p. 21
DOn the basis of the so-called „Lord Stern report" some conclusions on climate change and its consequences are outlined. Presented are, in opposition to the theses approved by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), some doubts formulated by outstanding climatologists ("climate heretics") that play an important role in the process of establishing new EU regulations on GHG emissions reduction.
Keywords: climatic changes, emission regulations, the so-called „climate heretics" opposition
Elżbieta NIEWIEDZIAŁ, Ryszard NIEWIEDZIAŁ Comparative analysis of models used for determination of maximum loss duration in power network components
Energetyka 2011, nr 1, p. 24
Presented are results of a comparative analysis of models used for determination of maximum loss duration in power network components. The obtained calculation results for all stations and models allowed to formulate conclusions concerning accuracy of the models for determining of maximum loss duration. It turned out, for all loads and models, that replication errors below 10% occur in 66,7% for 110/MV station loads and in 52,5% for the MV/LV ones.
Keywords: electric power networks, maximum loss duration, modelling of loss duration
Agata KAŹMIERCZYK, Andrzej Ł. CHOJNACKI
Analysis of daily and weekly active and reactive power load fluctuations in urban and regional MV distribution networks
Energetyka 2011, nr 1, p. 29
Presented is a comparative analysis of active and reactive power load fluctuations in MV network systems powering urban and rural communities. Defined are primary indicators denoting load fluctuations and shown are calendar graphs of the loads. Presented is also the average-errors plots for the analysed powers. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the measurements of MV urban and rural networks of comparable annual power consumption. The data cover five years of observations. The researchers used Matlab, Statistica and Excel software which application purposefulness for the analyses being considered has been fully proved with respect to elaboration of research results and visualization thereof.
Keywords: distribution networks, load fluctuations, MV network systems, fluctuations in reactive power consumption
Lidia GAWLIK, Henryk MAJCHRZAK, Eugeniusz MOKRZYCKI, Alicja ULIASZ – BOCHEŃCZYK
EThe prospects of hard and brown coal in Poland and in the European Union
Energetyka 2011, nr 1, p. 38
Poland is in possession of considerable resources of hard and brown coal and it is also reckoned as one of the main producers of these energy raw materials. As the resources are really big, coal has a dominant position in the Polish power sector. But the EU care for climate protection and the resulting from it its restrictive policy in the field of CO2 emission puts barriers for traditional application of coal as a fuel in power plants. So, the progress in clean coal technologies becomes a key element that forejudges the role of the Polish coal not only in the Polish economy but also in the economy of the whole European Union. Governmental document defining the Polish energy policy in the time perspective of the year 2030 treats Polish coal as a stabilizing element of the national energy security, diminishing the Polish economy dependence on imported gas and oil. Therefore, though the reduction of coal share in the structure of primary energy carriers is more than possible in future, it still remains a strategic raw material which resources must be protected and exploited in a rational way. Discussed are also perspectives of coal application in future, indicating the main development directions of clean coal technologies.
Keywords: hard and brown coal, energy security, clean technologies
Jan SOLIŃSKI
Canada. The host of the 21st World Energy Congress in Montreal
Energetyka 2011, nr 1, s. 46
Keywords:
Jacek MALKO, Paweł DRĄŻEK Role of renewable resources in the light of energy policy, energy market and regulation
Energetyka 2011, nr 1, p. 49
With the aim to meet the recently defined EU targets concerning exploitation of renewable energy sources and climate change prevention, the energy sector needs a complete redesign of power systems in many countries as well as a large scale integration of distributed energy resources. However, rapid growth in RES exploitation gives rise to anxiety towards additional requirements regarding energy and balancing markets' functioning principles to secure flexibility and controllability of the network.
Keywords: energy policy, renewable resources, power systems