Arkadiusz KLIMOWICZ, Zbigniew KOCHEL
Development of service, power automatic equipment and systems, energoelectronics and control and supervision systems from the perspective of 20 years’ Energotest activity in power engineering
Presented is the development of engineering, service, construction and implementation activities from the perspective of 20 years’ existence of the company. Discussed are the achievements and present Energotest possibilities in the field of complex realization of modernization and building of new systems for power automatics, energoelectronics, process automation, measurement and monitoring equipment and automatics as well as control and supervision systems for power generation industry, distribution and transmission sectors and various other industrial branches.
Keywords: Energotest engineering activity, control and supervision systems, power automatics
Artur JASIŃSKI
Diagnostic system as a method for an extention of a steam pipeline safe operating time
It often happens that the assumed at the project stage operating time of steam pipelines has already been over and we must start thinking what to do next. Why is a steam pipeline operation in time periods considerably exceeding the projected ones still possible? How long the old pipelines will still be working without creating any threat and what measures must be undertaken? Achieving 350 thousand working hours of operating time by power blocks (including pipelines) seems to be quite real. Long-lasting operation of steam pipelines is possible provided that their technical condition allows that. Alas, there are no unambiguous rules conditioning the scope and time of testing so inspections as well as knowledge on a pipeline technical condition are very different. A broadly defined diagnostics ought to be carried out on the basis of an orderly diagnostic system and it should be closely connected with prognozing. Only then, the carried out on its basis assumption of the technical condition gives a possibility to foresee a pipeline actual lifetime. Properly elaborated and adequately organized individual diagnostic system for every part of an equipment is a basis for maintaining the installations in a proper technical condition.
Keywords: power blocks, steam pipelines, diagnostics, operating time extention
Jan SIWIŃSKI, Wojciech POKORSKI, Henryk JADAMUS, Andrzej PETELA
ECOENERGIA Sp. z o.o. Warszawa share in development of technologies for biomass dust combustion in steam boilers designed to combustion of hard coal dust on an example of OKPG-60 boiler in Zakład Elektroenergetyczny H.Cz. ELSEN S.A. Częstochowa
Presented are project assumptions and solutions for a complex boiler modernization as well as for the biomass reception and storage, including preparation and distribution of biomass dust for the low NOx dust swirl burners of the boiler OKPG-60. Described are experience results gathered during more than one year of boiler operation and construction changes introduced by Zakład Elektoenergetyczny H.Cz.ELSEN S.A. in Częstochowa.
Keywords: power boilers, boiler modernization, swirl burners, biomass dust combustion
Ganna KULAKOVSKA, Monika GWOŹDZIK, Zygmunt NITKIEWICZ
Determination by nickel plating of phosphorus segregation in steels working in heightened temperatures
Described is the phosphorus segregation research in 10CrMo9-10 (10H2M) steel. Proposed is using of a method consisting in revealing of phosphorus segregation at grain boundaries by galvanic nickel plating. The aim of this method is to eliminate the application of more expensive equipment and labour-consuming measurement process as well as calculations made by direct measurement of phosphorus segregation depth on a polished section with the help of optical microscope. In order to verify the results of phosphorus segregation mesurements obtained by this method, they were compared with measurement results obtained by method of indentation.
Keywords: steels in power industry, phosphorus segregation, nickel plating of steel
Wiktor HEBDA
Energy strategy of the Republic of Serbia until 2015
Presented is an analysis of the Serbian energy sector together with energy strategy of this country until the year 2015. Described are energy raw materials resources with specification of resources of renewable and non-renewable energy. Outlined is the problem of the most important fields in the Serbian energy sector i.e. the level of electric energy production as well as the production and import range of oil and natural gas. Presented are also the most important Serbian investments in power
industry, those under realisation and the planned ones. In conclusion, an attempt is made to assess the energy strategy of the Republic of Serbia.
Keywords: energy strategy, energy raw materials resources, the Republic of Serbia
Robert CHOLEWA
Work effects analysis of a power unit with slip parameters
In case of power units designed to work with a steady steam pressure ahead of a turbine the key problem, before the decision of possible change to slip pressure is made, is to prove advantages coming from such change in the unit power control. To show practical benefits is difficult as the change of the specific heat consumption by the TG unit is of the same range as the measurement uncertainty of its determination. Proposed is methodology allowing unambiguous determination of energy effect connected with such working conditions change. Presented are exemplary results of measurements and calculations of the effects for selected objects. Shown is the case of positive effect occurrence, justifying the work of the given unit with a slip pressure, as well as of a negative effect occurrence that, of course, does not justify such kind of work. Moreover, attention is paid to an impact of work of a unit with slip steam parameters on the level of thermal stresses in the boiler and the turbine.
Keywords: power unit, slip parameters, thermal stress
Robert CHOLEWA
Regeneration influence on condensation and heat generation units
Discussed are problems connected with the influence of high-pressure regeneration work on work factors of power units, taking into consideration the effects occurring both for the work of power units and the work of boilers. On examples of results obtained from measurements and calculations carried out for various objects it is proved that practically there are no situations in which switching off the high-pressure regeneration in a technology system of a condensation power unit is justifiable with
regard to its generation efficiency. Expressed is an opinion that benefits from switching off the high-pressure regeneration can occur only during the operation of a CHP plant when regeneration switching off replaces switching on of the peak or additional TG units and while there are no limitations with regard to thermal output of the boilers.
Keywords: high-pressure regeneration, work factors of power units
Tomasz SŁUPIK
The rules of an optimum work of condensers and heat exchangers
Discussed is the problem of practical controlling the heat exchanging devices like process exchangers, condensers or evaporators. Through the examples given the attention is paid to the importance of carrying on the control of operational parameters characterizing the work efficiency of the devices. The described control methods can be applied in the most of installations serving the generation of electric energy and heat and also in industrial installations. Presented measures mostly rank among the group of low-cost activities and their realization should belong to operational standards of power installations.
Keywords: condensers, heat exchangers, evaporators, installation control
Marta KOWALIK, Monika ZAJEMSKA
Application of numerical simulation methods for effective fuel management in an ecological aspect
Power industry in our country is usually based on fossil fuels and particularly on hard coal. This unfavourable fuel structure creates difficulties in realization of environmental policy aims of which the basic ones are rational use of fuels and reduction of negative impact of combustion processes on environment. One of the methods of fuel management in ecological aspect is prognozing the effects of using energy fuels by means of numerical methods. Presented are possibilities of numerical methods application to foresee ecological effects of hard coal combustion process. With the help of CHEMKIN-PRO professional software the chemical composition of flue gases was modelled. Moreover the influence of combustion process selected parameters on quantity of formed pollutants like CO2, SO2, CO and NOx is estimated. The presented research results prove that it is possible to determine the optimum ratio of excess air factor to temperature in terms of minimizing the pollution.
Keywords: ecology, energy fuels, minimalization of flue gases pollution