Ryszard BARTNIK, Berenika BARTNIK, Anna DUCZKOWSKA-KĄDZIEL
A formulate of problem of seeking an optimum investment strategy in power engineering
The applied energy technology and its technical solution is decisive for the amount of investment outlays (J0) for building of an energy source (generally it can be a source of electric energy and heat). So it determines the amount of financial costs (F) and instalment payments (R) in its annual activity costs in successive years (t=1, 2, ...N) as well as together with energy carriers prices and specific tariff rates for emitting pollutants to the environment it also determines annual incomes (SR) and yearly operational costs i.e. the net present value (NPV). Thus the optimum investment strategy for selecting the technology will be this one for which the calculated NPV value, with the application of Bellman’s principle of optimality, reaches its maximum with the assumed value of Ne1 electric power station capacity. An attention should be paid to the fact that all investment decisions are the long-term ones so integrally connected with the risk of failure. Influence of time and the risk connected is very difficult and, as it is mentioned before, almost impossible to predict – especially in unstable economic conditions. But this instability does not release any investor from the duty to search for an optimum investment strategy as this search enables, and it is important, to make a description analysis of the future. It allows thinking about it in a scientific manner and an analysis of conditions like changes in price relations between energy carriers or costs of making use of the environment and so on, with which the strategy should be changed. So, the maximum functionality search results show how the mentioned price relations and environmental tariffs influence the optimum investment strategy i.e. the selection of an optimum energy technology. And a method to minimize the risk should be diversifiaction of technologies that does not exclude the necessity of making the description analysis of the future. On the contrary, thanks to it one can rationally diversify the applied technologies selecting from the most economically effective ones. Also, what is very important, the safety of electricity supplies will grow. So the application of mathematical models in economy and their analysis with the use of assumed scenarios allows a rational selection of investment strategies enabling achievement in the nearest future of the desirable values in an optimum way.
Keywords: power industry, investment strategy, strategy optimization
Marek CIEŚLA, Andrzej GONTARZ, Eugeniusz HADASIK, Kazimierz MUTWIL, Zbigniew PATER, Janusz TOMCZAK, Tomasz KAWAŁA, Wojciech RZEPKA
Numerically determined degree of deformation of induction bends as opposed to the results of the actual tube bending process
Presented is the application of numerical techniques for the analysis of metals and their alloys shaping processes. When designing new technologies, machines and tools one can even in the initial stage optimize a process parameters and also often a construction solutions, eliminating in this way at least a portion of implementation tests. It is especially essential in case of new and relatively expensive technologies where it is difficult to predict the final effect and every mistake results in big financial outlays. To such type of processes we can include induction bending where the cost of feed material i.e. pipes is counted in many hundred thousand zlotys. That is why in such cases it is reasonable to carry out pre-implementation analyses in a computer virtual space which allow determination of optimum process parameters guaranteeing to obtain bends of high geometric and strength parameters and fulfilling all requirements needed by the Technical Supervision Office (UDT). The pipe bending process with local heating of a bended pipe is modelled with the use of numerical techniques. Determined is the bended pipes geometry as well as intensity distributions of deformations, stresses, temperatures and a cracking criterion. The obtained results were empirically tested in industrial conditions in Zakłady Remontowe Energetyki Katowice SA facility.
Keywords: numerical techniques, pipeline induction bending, deformation intensity distribution
Krzysztof DEMBIŃSKI
The steam expansion line as a challenge generating factor
Steam parameters in a turbine extractions often do not represent the condition of steam used in the blade system. Lack of caution in steam parameters interpretation, ill-considered revision of these data, incomplete knowledge concerning flow processes in the machine lead to false conclusions being in opposition to “laws of physics”. As a consequence, if this is then the basis of further designing or modernization projects, false input data – working and calculation parameters – are generated. But if overestimated parameters can only cause oversizing of an installation then the underestimated ones can be a real threat to safe operation of a newly designed power unit equipment. Explained is the notion of a “virtual expansion line” and the whole problem is discussed on the example of the realized by ZRE Katowice SA modernization and adaptation (installation of a new boiler) project in Elektrownia Jaworzno III-Elektrownia II power station.
Keywords: steam turbines, steam parameters in extractions, steam expansion in a turbine
Waldemar JĘDRAL
Potential of energy efficiency as a lifebelt to economy
In the face of considerable delays in beginning the construction of new big power sources and inevitable extension in time needed for building of a big amount of small distributed energy sources it seems that the speed with which the resources of energy effectiveness will be utilized is of key importance. The period of realization of pro-effective modernizations does not usually exceed 1,5-2 years including the time for execution of the project as well as the time needed for the notice of invitation to tender and selection of the winner. The author introduces the notion of distributed energy sources and turns the attention to the fact that the courageous reaching for the resources hidden in energy effectiveness on a big scale is the fastest and cheapest way to compensate the loss of capacity caused by taking out of service of the oldest coal power units but it needs additional regulations/incentives for the end-users. Until the year 2050, and perhaps even longer, it will be necessary to operate a certain amount of big, high-efficiency coal and/or nuclear power units. The author calls on taking up vigorous activities and thinks that the above mentioned projects should be completed by energetic activities of successive governments with the aim to rationalize the CO2 limits imposed by the European Commission and abandonment of the idea of enforcing the CO2 capture and underground storage.
Keywords: big power units for Warsaw, energy efficiency and utilization of its resources, distributed energy sources
Ewald MACHA, Piotr CHWASTYK, Magdalena JURCZYK-BUNKOWSKA, Zbigniew MARCINIAK
Identification of metal branch and legal consulting firms for the needs of database of companies that can cooperate in building and operation of a nuclear power plant
Presented is the agreed methodology of acquiring, selection and verification of information about metal branch and legal consulting firms as well as assumptions in the range of estimation of their potential in the context of future cooperation in building of a nuclear plant in Poland. Taking up preparations to introduce nuclear power industry in Poland resulted in a research project having in aim an analysis of a possibility and criteria of the Polish industry share in this undertaking. Realization of one of the aims determined in the project is connected with preparation of a database of firms ready for such cooperation and of those which could be ready for this move in a very short time.
Keywords: nuclear power industry, database, firms cooperating in building of a nuclear power plant
Filip KLEPACKI
Information system to support a power utility property maintenance
Presented is a review of CMMS (Computerized Maintenance Management System) systems main functions with their reference to real situations that can be met by specialists dealing with the maintenance of a power utility property. It was agreed that in the present structural situation of power stations the basic features of CMMS systems are clarity and intuitiveness concerning archivization and retrieval of documentation/data collected in a power station. And these are exactly the features that characterize the presented in short UMS (Utility Maintenance Software) software elaborated in Energoprojekt Katowice.
Keywords: Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS), UMS (Utility Maintenance Software) software of Energoprojekt Katowice
Jacek MALKO
Danish power sector on its path to decarbonization
Transition of a traditional energy system into a system based on intermittent sources of energy presumes that the system allows shifting energy streams both in time and space and between separate systems. So there is a need for such an energy system that can offer competitive prices of energy service, even though the prices of energy resources vary. On the other hand it is expected that Denmark will be able to become independent from fossil fuels and the basic energy sources will be wind power and biomass.
Keywords: Danish energy system, system transition, variability of resources prices with competitive service prices
Dawid KLIMCZAK
Natural gas – contract pathways and strategies
Strategy of a natural gas contracting is a very important cost element for many companies like the gas trading ones as well as gas for the fuel end users. The key element that can affect gaining the advantage over competitors is the opening to new possibilities that are given by the now taking place process of liberalization. The increase in number of importers, and at the same time of the “blue fuel” dealers in Poland, means the increase in competitiveness and consequently a customer’s service quality improvement.
Keywords: natural gas purchase, market game, contracting strategies