Piotr RZEPKA, Maciej SOŁTYSIK, Mateusz SZABLICKI
Models of energy clusters functioning
Presented are basic technical and business models of energy clusters determined by provisions of the RES Act and conclusions from the expertise “The Concept of Clusters of Energy in Poland” published by the Ministry of Energy. For the presented models determined were the coexistence rules for a cluster members as well as the cluster functioning principles. Characterized are presumed aims and anticipated consequences of clusterization. Indicated is that expansionary presence of energy clusters in a power system may lead to shape a new model of functioning of the Polish Power System.
Keywords: energy clusters, technical and business models, coexistence rules for cluster members, cluster functioning priniciples
Mirosław ZIELENKIEWICZ
Design of earth electrode systems for HV and EHV overhead power lines in aspect of maintaining high level of their durability
Durability of earth electrode system for overhead power lines should be fitted to the scheduled useful life for which it was dedicated. For power lines of 110-400 kV rated voltage this life period is presently defined to be at least 50 years. The basic criterion of earth electrode systems durability in the ground is the properly chosen corrosion resistance. That resistance does not only refer to conductors covered with adequate layer of metals protecting against corrosion in the ground. Also the foundations should be properly constructed and of parameters responding to recommendations of lightning protection standards i.e. that they should be able to withstand thermal conditions accompanying the flow of fault currents and be resistant to dynamic stresses occurring during the lightning surge flow through their reinforced structure. Corrosion resistance of earth electrode systems should be selected in such a way that during the planned lifetime of such system the cross-sections of conductors could not be reduced to a size where their conductivity would become limited.
Keywords: power lines, earth electrode systems for overhead power lines, corrosion resistance of earth electrode systems
Janusz KOTOWICZ, Wojciech UCHMAN
Gas microcogeneration based on a Stirling engine – stable prosumer energy generation?
Presented here the solution relating to electric energy and heat generation for a single final customer i.e. a microcogeneration system based on a Stirling engine, can be the basis of cooperation with renewable energy sources due to its stable work and high elasticity in the range of heat production. The developing energy storage techniques will probably allow in future to freely use a variety of technologies in the frames of integrated generation systems, also at a household level or when covering a local community needs. It is proposed that one of a power infrastructure priorities should be the need to invest into intelligent, effective and competitive solutions concerning power systems based on decentralised sources like, above all, RES and microcogeneration systems (μCHP).
Keywords: electric energy and heat generation, microcogeneration system, Stirling engine, cooperation with RES
Błażej BZOWSKI, Stanisław WAWRZYNIAK, Aleksandra Teresa TRYCZ, Mateusz PŁAWECKI,
Edward RÓWIŃSKI, Mirosław CHYLIŃSKI
Perovskites as functional materials in photovoltaics
Perovskites respond to external stimuli i.a. to light. Using the method of sintering powder compacts in the form of pastilles, three oxides of perovskite structure were manufactured: Ba0,5Sr0,5Co0,8Fe0,2O3, La0,6Sr0,4Fe0,6Co0,4O3 and La2Ni0,9Co0,1O4. Testing of optical factor of the total and diffused light reflectance showed that the first two materials absorb photons of light in the UV range while the last one absorbs photons both in the visible and near infrared (NIR) ranges. Obtained results suggest potential application of the above mentioned La2Ni0,9Co0,1O4 perovskite in photovoltaics.
Keywords: perovskites, band gap width, absorption
Błażej BZOWSKI, Stanisław WAWRZYNIAK, Aleksandra Teresa TRYCZ, Mateusz PŁAWECKI,
Edward RÓWIŃSKI, Mirosław CHYLIŃSKI, Agnieszka FULCZYK
Photovoltaics – what about the energy output?
Systematic drop in prices of silicon solar panels that reign indivisibly in the photovoltaics market and independently on classical and aletrnative energy sources accompanied by constant lack of an act governing the rules for purchase of energy, provides a barrier to the photovoltaics market development just as it happened in Germany or Czech Republic. What is the real energy output of solar PV systems and what the investors can count on even in the absence of any subsidy?
Keywords: photovoltaics, silicon, electric energy, factors influencing energy output
Dariusz MĘŻYK
Modern 3D measurement technniques used in remote visual inspections – video borescopes in industry
Huge progress in the visual techniques of measurement causes that modern video borescopes become an increasingly important research tool in the measuring devices kit of an NDT inspector. While in the past, in the course of a visual inspection, it was only possible to detect and record indications, the today’s video borescopes are capable of conducting a three-dimensional measurement and an analysis of detected discontinuities. Introduction of the 3D technology to Remote Visual Tests significantly increases functionality of modern industrial video borescopes. Devices equipped with the 3D measurement technology greatly expand the scope of application of visual survey in NDT tests. Presented are research capabilities offered by the introduced measuring technology.
Keywords: research, measurement, 3D
Michał IZDEBSKI
Innovative algorithm for measurement of a generator rotor winding temperature
Presented is a classical method for measurement of a synchronous generator rotor winding temperature and analysed are its measurement errors. Described is an idea, algorithm and research on the innovative method for measurement of a generator rotor winding temperature in the processor of a static voltage regulator in a thyristor excitation system. Reasearch was conducted in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The new method of a rotor winding temperature measurement has been developed by the Instytut Energetyki Oddział Gdańsk as a part of its statutory activity.
Keywords: generator rotor, windings, algorithm of a temperature measurement, innovative measurement method