Rafał CZAPAJ, Jacek KAMIŃSKI, Pablo BENALCAZAR
Fuzzy logic for the needs of drive systems control – theoretical introduction
Given is an introduction and theoretical foundations of a fuzzy set theory i.e. the branch of mathematics developed for description of imprecise and ambiguous data and informations. Fuzzy logic is a subject area of this theory and is applied in such fields like control, optimization, decision making support, diagnostics and monitoring, pattern recognition and many others. Presented considerations are also extended by exemplary applications of the fuzzy logic i.a. in electrometry and heating, cooling devices control, mechanical hard disks, image processing and word recognition.
Keywords: fuzzy logic, theoretical introduction, drive systems control
Ryszard Nowicki
Eccentricity: differentiation of monitoring systems and diagnostic application
The article is a sequel to the previous one published in "Energetyka" 2/2020 and concerning the issue of turbine rotors eccentricity. Discussed is the differentiation of monitoring systems and turbine preparation for eccentricity measurement. Given are examples of using this measurement for diagnostic purposes. Described are instances of proper protection against the steam turbine start-up and problems with the start-up of a gas TG set. Emphasized is, that it is in the interest of the owners of steam and gas TG sets to properly equip them with the monitoring and eccentricity measurement system. The concern for such solution should be reflected both in terms of reference being prepared prior to purchase of a new turbine and also during the process of modernization of monitoring and safety systems for TG sets already in use.
Keywords: steam and gas TG units, differentiation of monitoring and eccentricity measurement systems
Rafał Kumala
Verification of selection correctness of the MV electric power system for the 910 MW power unit in the aspect of its feedwater pump start-up
Compared are results of simulation calculations and real values recorded during start-up of the 910 MW power unit feedwater pump in the power plant Elektrownia Jaworzno III-Elektrownia II. Verification analysis was performed with the use of ETAP software for DOL start-up of 18 MW feedwater pumps. Presented are the most essential electrical values characterizing DOL starting of drives.
Keywords: feedwater pump start-up, electromechanical transients, ETAP software simulations
Katarzyna Strzałka- Gołuszka, Jan Strzałka
LEDs in the streets of cities and municipalities
Reviewed is briefly the history of LEDs development, their structure and principle of operation. Presented are advantages and possibiliies of LEDs application as a light source in road lighting with reference to energy saving. Specified are the current standards concernig road lighting. Given are some examples of performed modernizations based on LED technology and their results.
Keywords: LED diodes, road lighting, road lighting standards
Mirosław Sulma
Methodology for illumination of historic complexes.
Classic illumination
The image of architectural and urban space in the time of night carries equal weight as the same image in the time of day in domain of values connected with the image of a city. The concept of illumination should be treated as a set of activities shaping cultural landscape with special attention paid to presentation of the cultural heritage values. This domain should be implemented into participation in shaping of spatial order and become an element of spatial planning process. The idea of classic illumination is an attempt to formulate the thoughts, beliefs and opinions on shaping of historical space in the time of night. But for crystallization of such idea it is indispensable to procure a base having the character of ideological creed, the worldview, formulating the principles of "monument presentation". This view decides about the character and construction of design solutions.
Keywords: historic complexes, classic illumination, space image in the time of night
Janusz Nowastowski
The current Polish standardization system in electrical engineering
Analysed is the state of Polish standardization system in 2019. Listed are world organisations of which Poland has been a member for many years like ISO (International Organization for Standardization), Europejski Komitet Normalizacyjny CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation), IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and CENELEC (Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique). Characterised is the Polish Committee for Standardization (PKN). The whole range of subject matters falling within the scope of this Committee is divided into four main sectors concerning electrics, electrical engineering, electronics and also information technology and telecommunication which in turn are subdivided between 282 Technical and Task Committees. Mentioned are global, European and national standards contained in the set of Polish Standards and the range of their translations. Described is the role played by the Association of Polish Electrical Engineers (SEP) in Polish standardization.
Keywords: standardization in Poland, area of issues related to electrics, Poland in the international standardization system
Piotr Rataj, Jerzy Hickiewicz
History of the Wilno Branch of SEP (Association of Polish Electrical Engineers) in the years 1931-1939
Presented is the history of the SEP Wilno Branch preceded by description of the previous Wilno electricians' activity as members of the Association of Technicians in Wilno. Shown is the process of the Branch development and also the characteristics of its activity until the outbreak of World War II. Described is the most important event in the Branch's history which was the organization of the VIII SEP General Meeting in Wilno.
Keywords: Wilno, SEP history, history of electrotechnics, association movement of Polish technicians, interwar period